Cost–benefit analysis of water conservation systems installed in household buildings in Nairobi County

Shikuku, James; Munala, Gerryshom; Njuguna, Mugwima; Muhoro, Teckla; Gremley, Andrew; Nyakundi, Victor; Ali, Muhammad Kashif

doi:10.1080/09614524.2021.1937533

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the system faced challenges in monitoring battery charging status and interface node operation, as well as the absence of a centralized module to manage nodes. Additionally, the system lacked a localized algorithm to detect unusual water consumption in designated areas, hindering real-time identification of specific localized leaks [15].…”

Section: Empirical Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Water Management System for Detecting Household Water Wastage

Gichuhi,

Khakata,

Kofi

2023

E3S Web of Conf.

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Water scarcity in Kenya is a significant issue that cannot be overlooked. Despite numerous efforts by Water Service Providers to deliver water services to Kenyan residents, the high demand for accessible water across the country remains unmet. In addition, the service provider’s ability to meet this demand is further impeded by various obstacles including inadequate control over water usage, insufficient resources to manage and conserve water, and the dilapidated water infrastructure within the nation. While attempts have been made to try and address these concerns, they’ve been largely manual and expensive hence lacking the potential for scalability. Globally, water resources continue to decline rapidly due to the impact of climate change and water overuse, therefore action must be taken to conserve this resource. This study investigates the development of a smart water management system using water flow sensors connected directly to the water appliances that integrate with the existing water system, Node MCU microcontrollers and a cloud-based application. The solution focuses on monitoring household water usage frequency to inform users of their consumption and alert them via mobile notifications of potential water leaks to reduce wastage. Management and control of household water consumption is a positive contribution towards water conservation efforts.

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Section: Empirical Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Water Management System for Detecting Household Water Wastage

Gichuhi,

Khakata,

Kofi

2023

E3S Web of Conf.

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“…Climate change and its consequences on the natural environment have further worsened accessibility to water in areas that were waterstressed during pre-climate change era while those that were water-sufcient have to scout for the resource with a lot of cost implications on the part of man [5][6][7]. In order to ensure access to water at the household level, several submissions on factors touching on accessibility have been made and published [8][9][10][11][12]. However, little has been achieved on the dynamics of daily water use demand at household level, especially in the tropical regions of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Household Daily Water Consumption Dynamics in the Tropical Environment

et al. 2023

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Understanding daily water use determinants is critical to sustainable water access and its efficient use at household level. To pursue this objective, primary data were generated through a survey of 276 respondents across the 5 quarters into which the city of Iwo is divided. 67.5% of the respondents were between 19 and 45 years old while 35.5% were between 46 and 65 years old and the remaining 3.9% comprised of those above 65 years. The results of factor analysis (FA) showed that 12 of the 40 factors analyzed were significant determinants of daily water use in homes. The 12 factors explained 85.794% of the observed variation in household daily water use. The factors in descending order were (i) closeness to water source; (ii) night time baths; (iii) household cooking; (iv) Sunday activities; (v) water demands of the dry season; (vi) morning time water use; (vii) household size; (viii) respondents’ attitude; (ix) water availability in the dry season; (x) break in water flow; (xi) social events; and (xii) source of water. Further evaluation condensed the results into four categories, namely, (i) season-associated information; (ii) household-related information; (iii) time of the day; and (iv) water source-related information. The result of correlation analysis showed weak associations among 83.33% of the variables, indicating that each variable should be treated separately from others in the matter relating to daily variation in home water use. The study concluded that household-related information and time of the day (contributing 62.02% of the absolute explanation) are most significant to daily variation in water use at the household level and should be considered when prioritizing effective policies for water use and management.

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Capacity Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Based on a Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Financial Support Program Review and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis

Jin

Lee

Kang

et al. 2023

Water

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Water risk has been continuously rising due to climate change and ownership disputes of water resources. Dam construction to secure water resources may lead to environmental problems and upstream immersion. On the other hand, rainwater harvesting systems can effectively supply water at a low cost, although economic efficiency of these systems is still debatable. This study evaluates financial support programs to promote installation of rainwater harvesting systems, increasing economic feasibility. Based on a cost–benefit analysis, capacity optimization methods are further suggested. A sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the relative importance among uncertain parameters such as inflation and discount rates. In doing so, priority factors to consider in the design of rainwater harvesting systems are ultimately identified. A net present value, although it is sensitive to the inflation rate, is shown to be more appropriate to estimate the economic efficiency of rainwater harvesting system, compared to the typical cost–benefit ratio. Because the high future value overestimates the economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting systems, proper inflation rates should be applied. All in all, a funding program to promote rainwater harvesting systems significantly increases the benefits. Thus, national financial support policies are recommended to ensure economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting systems.

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Cost–benefit analysis of water conservation systems installed in household buildings in Nairobi County

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

A Smart Water Management System for Detecting Household Water Wastage

A Smart Water Management System for Detecting Household Water Wastage

Analysis of Household Daily Water Consumption Dynamics in the Tropical Environment

Capacity Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Based on a Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Financial Support Program Review and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis

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