Cost-benefit Analysis of Sodium Intake Reduction Policy in Korea

Lee, Chulhee; Kim, Dae Il; Hong, Jeonglim; Koh, Eunmi; Kang, Baeg Won; Kim, Jong Wook; Park, Hye Kyung; Kim, Cho Il

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.341

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The World Health Organization (WHO) reviewed 15 randomized controlled studies (167,656 total subjects) and showed that the low sodium diets effectively lower average blood pressure and the incidence of stroke and heart diseases [ 1 2 ]. In Korea, lowering sodium intake from 4.7 grams to 3 grams would provide economic and social benefit by 12.6 trillion won [ 7 ]. Thus, lowering sodium intake is cost-effective as it lowers social costs by decreasing the incidence of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, stomach cancer, and renal diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Salt Diet and Insulin Resistance

Lee

Jun

et al. 2016

Clin Nutr Res

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It is well known that high sodium intake is closely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, but the effect of low sodium intake on insulin resistance is not clear. In this article, we summarize findings from previous studies focusing on the association between low sodium intake and insulin resistance. While many investigations on this topic have been conducted actively, their major findings are inconsistent, partly due to different study designs. Thus, additional randomized controlled trials with an adequate study period and reasonable levels of low sodium intake are needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Salt Diet and Insulin Resistance

Lee

Jun

et al. 2016

Clin Nutr Res

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“…The MFDS has provided technical support to food manufacturers, restaurants, and foodservices to decrease sodium content in foods, in addition to promoting several nutrition education programs for the community and individuals [29]. The socioeconomic benefit of decreasing daily sodium intake from 4,900 mg (the mean intake of Koreans in 2009) to 3,000 mg has been estimated to be 12.6 trillion Korean Won (≤ 1.1 billion US dollars) due to reduced morbidity, mortality, and related expenses [31]. Collectively, the decreased sodium intake and corresponding decrease in PAFs attributable to high sodium intake, as shown in the present study, indicate the success of national efforts to decrease sodium intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dietary sodium intake and disease burden and mortality in Koreans between 1998 and 2016: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Park

Singh

et al. 2020

Nutr Res Pract

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sodium intake is positively associated with blood pressure, which may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we assessed the disease burden of CVD attributable to sodium intakes above 2,000 mg/day and prospectively investigated the association between dietary/urinary sodium levels and the risk of all-cause and CVD-mortality using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 68,578 and 33,113 participants were included for comparative risk assessment (CRA) analysis and mortality analysis, respectively, and mean follow-up time for mortality was 5.4 years. CRA analysis was used to quantify attributable incidences of stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and deaths attributable to sodium intake between 1998 and 2016. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the association between sodium intake and all-cause and CVD-mortality. RESULTS: Mean dietary sodium intake decreased over time, reaching 3,647 mg/day in 2016. Similarly, the population attributable fractions of stroke and IHD, and the number of CVDassociated deaths attributable to high sodium intake/excretion also decreased. In terms of association with mortality, when participants were grouped into quartiles (Q) by energyadjusted sodium intake, those in Q2 had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those in Q1 with lower intakes. The risk of CVD-associated mortality was higher only in females with high sodium intake in Q4 than those in Q1. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide data indicates that, in line with previous studies of multiple cohorts, both low and high sodium intakes may be associated with an increased risk of mortality; therefore, the optimal sodium intake for Koreans needs to be revised.

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“…This approach are applied in investigating the cost-benefits of the risk factor (e.g. smoking, excessive dietary sodium intake) prevention policy [3132]. The costs consist of direct medical care costs and non-medical care costs (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic burden of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Korea

et al. 2019

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Excessive sugar consumption may increase the risk for development of several diseases. Although average dietary sugar intake of Koreans is within the recommended level, an increasing trend has been found in all age groups. This study aimed to evaluate the population attributable fractions (PAF) to dietary sugar for disease and death in Korea, and to estimate the socioeconomic effects of a reduction in dietary sugar. MATERIALS/METHODS The prevalence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) overconsumption (≥ 20 g of sugar from beverages) was analyzed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015. Disease-specific relative risks of excessive SSB consumption were obtained through reviewing previous studies. Using the prevalence of SSB overconsumption and each relative risk, PAFs for morbidity and mortality were calculated. Socioeconomic costs of diseases and death attributable to SSB overconsumption were estimated by using representative data on national medical expenditures, health insurance statistics, employment information, and previous reports. RESULTS Disease-specific PAF to SSB consumption ranged from 3.11% for stroke to 9.05% for obesity and dental caries, respectively. Costs from disease caused by SSB overconsumption was estimated at 594 billion won in 2015. About 39 billion won was estimated to be from SSB consumption-related deaths, and a total of 633 billion won was predicted to have been saved through preventing SSB overconsumption. CONCLUSIONS Sugars overconsumption causes considerable public burdens, although the cost estimates do not include any informal expenditure. Information on these socioeconomic effects helps both health professionals and policy makers to create and to implement programs for reducing sugar consumption.

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Cost-benefit Analysis of Sodium Intake Reduction Policy in Korea

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Low Salt Diet and Insulin Resistance

Low Salt Diet and Insulin Resistance

Association between dietary sodium intake and disease burden and mortality in Koreans between 1998 and 2016: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Socioeconomic burden of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Korea

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