Cost-benefit analysis of ballast water treatment for three major port clusters in China: evaluation of different scenario strategies
Anwei Nie,
Zheng Wan,
ZhuangFei Shi
et al.
Abstract:IntroductionThe expansion of maritime trade has led to the introduction of invasive species into aquatic ecosystems through ballast water discharge. China, being a major player in global trade and manufacturing, has experienced negative impacts on its coastal ecosystems and marine biodiversity.MethodsThis study examines the cost‒benefit trade-offs of ballast water management policies for major port clusters in China and other global ports. This paper evaluates compliance costs for individual vessels and fleets… Show more
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