“…FeF3 half-cells were constructed by pairing FeF3 cathodes (with or without gel-2) with partially delithiated LFP (Li0.66FePO4). Partially delithiated LFP was chosen as a counter electrode in these cells due to its highly stable reference potential (~3.4 V vs. Li/Li + ), [47][48][49] which is similar to the open circuit potentials that we observed for the Li-FeF3 full cells (~3.3-3.5 V vs. Li/Li + ).…”
Section: Stability Of the Pvdf-hfp Gels With The Anode And Cathode As...mentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Potentials for the FeF3 half-cell experiments were converted to the Li/Li + potential scale using the formula ELi/Li + = ELFP + 3.43 V, in accordance with the literature. [47][48][49] Coulombic efficiency (CE) was determined at 1.0 mA cm -2 , over 50 cycles, for both half-cell and full-cell experiments.…”
Li metal batteries (LMBs) employing conversion cathode materials (e.g., FeF3) are a promising way to prepare inexpensive, environmentally friendly batteries with high energy density. Pseudo-solid state ionogel separators harness the energy density and safety advantages of solid state LMBs, while alleviating key drawbacks (e.g., poor ionic conductivity and high interfacial resistance). In this work, a pseudo-solid state conversion battery (Li-FeF3) is presented that achieves stable, high rate (1.0 mA cm-2) cycling at room temperature. The batteries described herein contain gel-infiltrated FeF3 cathodes prepared by exchanging the ionic liquid in a polymer ionogel with a localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE). The LHCE gel merges the benefits of a flexible separator (e.g., adaptation to conversion-related volume changes) with the excellent chemical stability and high ionic conductivity (~2 mS cm-1 at 25°C) of an LHCE. The latter property is in contrast to previous solid state iron fluoride batteries, where poor ionic conductivities necessitated elevated temperatures to realize practical power levels. The stable, room temperature Li-FeF3 cycling performance obtained with the LHCE gel at high current densities paves the way for exploring a range of architectures including flexible, three-dimensional, and custom shape batteries.
“…FeF3 half-cells were constructed by pairing FeF3 cathodes (with or without gel-2) with partially delithiated LFP (Li0.66FePO4). Partially delithiated LFP was chosen as a counter electrode in these cells due to its highly stable reference potential (~3.4 V vs. Li/Li + ), [47][48][49] which is similar to the open circuit potentials that we observed for the Li-FeF3 full cells (~3.3-3.5 V vs. Li/Li + ).…”
Section: Stability Of the Pvdf-hfp Gels With The Anode And Cathode As...mentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Potentials for the FeF3 half-cell experiments were converted to the Li/Li + potential scale using the formula ELi/Li + = ELFP + 3.43 V, in accordance with the literature. [47][48][49] Coulombic efficiency (CE) was determined at 1.0 mA cm -2 , over 50 cycles, for both half-cell and full-cell experiments.…”
Li metal batteries (LMBs) employing conversion cathode materials (e.g., FeF3) are a promising way to prepare inexpensive, environmentally friendly batteries with high energy density. Pseudo-solid state ionogel separators harness the energy density and safety advantages of solid state LMBs, while alleviating key drawbacks (e.g., poor ionic conductivity and high interfacial resistance). In this work, a pseudo-solid state conversion battery (Li-FeF3) is presented that achieves stable, high rate (1.0 mA cm-2) cycling at room temperature. The batteries described herein contain gel-infiltrated FeF3 cathodes prepared by exchanging the ionic liquid in a polymer ionogel with a localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE). The LHCE gel merges the benefits of a flexible separator (e.g., adaptation to conversion-related volume changes) with the excellent chemical stability and high ionic conductivity (~2 mS cm-1 at 25°C) of an LHCE. The latter property is in contrast to previous solid state iron fluoride batteries, where poor ionic conductivities necessitated elevated temperatures to realize practical power levels. The stable, room temperature Li-FeF3 cycling performance obtained with the LHCE gel at high current densities paves the way for exploring a range of architectures including flexible, three-dimensional, and custom shape batteries.
“…The stability of intermolecular hydrogen bonds may affect the local solvation structure in the binary mixtures. It should be noted that the isovalues were selected to reflect the completion of the first solvation shell 26 . Figure 7 Spatial distribution functions (SDFs) of the binary mixtures with the mole percent of FAs at 70% at 323 K. Green isosurfaces correspond to LUA, yellow isosurfaces correspond to DEC, blue isosurfaces are CAP molecules, pink isosurfaces are MEN molecules.…”
The structural and dynamical properties of the binary mixture of Menthol (MEN) and Fatty acids (FAs) were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. To this end, the relationship between the structural and dynamical properties of the eutectic mixtures of MEN and FAs with different molar percentages of FAs are studied. Structural properties of the eutectic mixtures were characterized by calculating the combined distribution functions (CDFs), radial distribution functions (RDFs), angular distribution functions (ADFs), hydrogen bonding networks, and spatial distribution functions (SDF). Additionally, our Results indicated robust interactions between menthol and Caprylic acid molecules Finally, the transport properties of the mixtures were investigated using the mean square displacement (MSD) of the centers of mass of the species, self-diffusion coefficients and vector reorientation dynamics (VRD) of bonds. Overall, our simulation results indicated that intermolecular interactions have a significant effect on the dynamic properties of species.
“…Segregation of −CF 2 and −CH 2 groups on opposite sides of the polymer in that phase facilitates cation hopping, which can improve cation mobility. , Although the β PVDF phase can be difficult to obtain, its formation can be fast tracked by simply incorporating an ILE into PVDF or PVDF-HFP . The ILs used in those cases , (e.g., [BMIM][PF 6 ] and EMIMTFSI) have relative dielectric constants (12–16) , similar to the IL in gel-1 (ε (PYR 14 TFSI) = 14.7) . The fact that gel-1 was used as a template for gel-2 could help explain the appearance of the β phase in gel-2.…”
Li-metal batteries (LMBs) employing conversion cathode
materials
(e.g., FeF3) are a promising way to prepare inexpensive,
environmentally friendly batteries with high energy density. Pseudo-solid-state
ionogel separators harness the energy density and safety advantages
of solid-state LMBs, while alleviating key drawbacks (e.g., poor ionic
conductivity and high interfacial resistance). In this work, a pseudo-solid-state
conversion battery (Li-FeF3) is presented that achieves
stable, high rate (1.0 mA cm–2) cycling at room
temperature. The batteries described herein contain gel-infiltrated
FeF3 cathodes prepared by exchanging the ionic liquid in
a polymer ionogel with a localized high-concentration electrolyte
(LHCE). The LHCE gel merges the benefits of a flexible separator (e.g.,
adaptation to conversion-related volume changes) with the excellent
chemical stability and high ionic conductivity (∼2 mS cm–1 at 25 °C) of an LHCE. The latter property is
in contrast to previous solid-state iron fluoride batteries, where
poor ionic conductivities necessitated elevated temperatures to realize
practical power levels. The stable, room-temperature Li-FeF3 cycling performance obtained with the LHCE gel at high current densities
paves the way for exploring a range of architectures including flexible,
three-dimensional, and custom shape batteries.
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