Cosmological Acceleration from Virtual Gravitons

Marochnik, L. S.; Usikov, D. A.; Vereshkov, G. M.

doi:10.1007/s10701-008-9220-6

Cited by 15 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The gravitational waves emitted by all these growth events and mergers might obey the equation of state for dark energy (see Marochnik et al 2008). It does not appear convincing that first all dark matter has to be black holes (see Abramowicz et al 2009), and second that all dark energy originate in gravitational waves.…”

Section: Extrapolation To Lower Masses?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The mass function of nearby black hole candidates

Caramete

Biermann

2010

A&A

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Context. The mass function of supermassive black holes in our cosmic neighborhood is required to understand the statistics of their activity and consequently the origin of ultra high energy particles. Aims. We determine a mass function of supermassive black hole candidates from the entire sky except for the Galactic plane. Methods. Using the 2MASS catalogue as a starting point, and the well-established correlation between black hole mass and the bulge of old population of stars, we derive a list of nearby black hole candidates within the redshift range z < 0.025, then perform an additional selection based on the Hubble type. We present our resulting catalogue elsewhere. The final list of black hole candidates above a mass of M BH > 3 × 10 6 M has 5829 entries. We perform a Hubble-type correction to account for selection effects, which reduces this number to 2919 black hole candidates. Here we use this catalogue to derive the black-hole mass function. We also correct for volume, so that this mass function is a volume-limited distribution to redshift 0.025. Results. The differential mass function of nearby black hole candidates is a curved function, with a straight simple power-law of index −3 above 10 8 M that becomes progressively flatter towards lower masses, turns off towards a gap below 3 × 10 6 M , and then extends into the range where nuclear star clusters replace black holes. The shape of this mass function can be explained in a simple merger picture. Integrating this mass function over the redshift range for which it has been derived, infers a total number of black holes with z < 0.025, and M BH > 10 7 M of about 2.4 × 10 4 , or, if we average uniformly, 0.6 for every square degree on the sky.

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Section: Extrapolation To Lower Masses?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The mass function of nearby black hole candidates

Caramete

Biermann

2010

A&A

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“…The de Sitter expansion of the late emptying Universe can be formed by CGW as well as quantum gravitons, both of super-horizon wavelengths. Despite the intuitive feeling that quantum effects may not be significant in the modern Universe, this fact holds because we deal here with a macroscopic quantum effect similar to superconductivity and superfluidity [15]. To the idea of "founding fathers'" on the key role of de Sitter expansion for early stages of evolution, we add the idea of the key role of the de Sitter expansion not only for the early stages of evolution (inflation) but also for the late stages of evolution of the Universe (dark energy).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter suggests that it takes place in real time too. By its very nature, the de Sitter expansion of the early empty Universe formed by gravitons is a quantum coherent condensate [15]. The de Sitter expansion of the late emptying Universe can be formed by CGW as well as quantum gravitons, both of super-horizon wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark energy and inflation in a gravitational wave dominated universe

Marochnik¹

2016

Gravit. Cosmol.

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The empty space (with no matter fields) is not really empty because of natural metric fluctuations, quantum (gravitons) and classical (gravitational waves). We show that gravitons as well as classical gravitational waves of super-horizon wavelengths are able to form the de Sitter state of the empty homogeneous isotropic Universe. This state is the exact solution to the self-consistent equations of finite one-loop quantum gravity for gravitons in the empty FLRW space. It also is the exact solution to the selfconsistent equations of back reaction for classical gravitational waves in the same space. Technically, to get this de Sitter solution in both quantum and classical cases, it is necessary to make the transition to imaginary time and then come back to real time which is possible because this de Sitter state is invariant with respect to Wick rotation. Such a procedure means that the time was used as a complex variable, and this fact has a deep but still not understood meaning. De Sitter accelerated expansion of the empty Universe naturally explains the origin of dark energy and inflation because the Universe is empty at the start (inflation) and by the end (dark energy) of its evolution. This theory is consistent with the existing observational data. The CMB anisotropy of the order of 10^-5 is produced by fluctuations in the number of gravitons. The existence of a threshold and unique coincidence of topologically impenetrable barriers for tunneling takes place for the matter-dominated epoch and De Sitter State only. These facts provide a solution to the coincidence problem. The theoretical prediction that the equation-of-state parameter should be 1 w > − for inflation and 1 w < − for dark energy is consistent with observational data. To provide the reader with a complete picture, this paper gather together new and some published results of the graviton theory of the origin of inflation and dark energy.In memory of Grigori Vereshkov-my student then a professor and co-author

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“…However, just the gravitons are assumed to be quantum waves, their massless character in addition with the natural gravitational attraction existing among them, strongly suggest the appearance of the graviton condensate already underlined in Ref. (34), as being equivalent to the instability of the Minkowski spacetime to become a deSitter one. This last point also rises the idea about that the one loop effective action for gravity which should be generated by the graviton condensation effect, could also play a role in explaining the large scale effects currently attributed the existence of the Dark Matter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The first reference about this point of view we received from the work reported in Ref. (34). In this article it was pointed out that the one loop quantization of pure gravity determines deSitter spacetime as a natural solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Dilaton Stabilization by Matter

de¹

2011

Aspects of Today's Cosmology

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Cosmological Acceleration from Virtual Gravitons

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

The mass function of nearby black hole candidates

The mass function of nearby black hole candidates

Dark energy and inflation in a gravitational wave dominated universe

On the Dilaton Stabilization by Matter

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