Cosmic-ray streaming and anisotropies

Turbulent diffusion and drift in galactic magnetic fields and the explanation of the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum

“…A similar structure was also found for collisional diffusion coefficients in a plasma in thermal equilibrium [19]. Furthermore, regarding τ as the scattering time, these expressions can also be obtained by treating the magnetic disturbances as hard-sphere scattering centers [20], and is known as the "classical scattering result" [21,22,23].…”

Galactic cosmic ray diurnal modulation, interplanetary magnetic field intensity and the planetary index Ap

“…Ecliptic plane diurnal anisotropy consists of the contributions from the convective anisotropy (Ac) arising from the sweeping (radially outward) action of the magnetized solar wind, the diffusive anisotropy (Ad) driven by the radial density gradient (Gr) of GCR in the heliosphere [Forman and Gleeson, 1975] •' 13o n-11o (Aperp) from the hourly averages of IMF data for the 24 year period and listed these values in the second column of their Figure 3. We obtain ee = 0.56 at el > 99%.…”

Australian Cosmic Ray Modulation Research

“…They will also experience gradient and curvature drifts (Isenberg & Jokipii 1979) and will be convected back toward the boundary by the solar wind and lose energy through adiabatic cooling, although the latter process is only important below a few GeV and does not affect ground-based observations. The combined effect of these processes is the modulation of the cosmic ray distribution in the heliosphere (Forman & Gleeson 1975). It should be remembered that the approximately 11-year solar activity cycle is reflected in the strength of the IMF, the frequency of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and shocks propagating outward, and the strength of those shocks.…”

“…Early work by Parker (1965) andGleeson &Axford (1967) paved the way for the theoretical formalism developed by Forman & Gleeson (1975) that describes the cosmic ray density distribution throughout the heliosphere. Isenberg & Jokipii (1979) further developed the treatment of the distribution function.…”