Cosmetics Microbiology

Brannan, D.K.; Geis, P.A.

doi:10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00142-5

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…ref. ] on the microbial ecology of dry powders used in cosmetics. Based on these limited data, and assuming that chalk/clays would be the major source of Bacillus spores in cosmetic ingredients, for the purpose of this risk assessment, we will assume that there may be low levels (e.g.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus in personal care products: risk to consumers

Pitt¹,

McClure

Parker

et al. 2015

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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SynopsisBacillus cereus is ubiquitous in nature and thus occurs naturally in a wide range of raw materials and foodstuffs. B. cereus spores are resistant to desiccation and heat and able to survive dry storage and cooking. Vegetative cells produce several toxins which on ingestion in sufficient numbers can cause vomiting and/or diarrhoea depending on the toxins produced. Gastrointestinal disease is commonly associated with reheated or inadequately cooked foods. In addition to being a rare cause of several acute infections (e.g. pneumonia and septicaemia), B. cereus can also cause localized infection of post-surgical or trauma wounds and is a rare but significant pathogen of the eye where it may result in severe endophthalmitis often leading to loss of vision. Key risk factors in such cases are trauma to the eye and retained contaminated intraocular foreign bodies. In addition, rare cases of B. cereus-associated keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) have been linked to contact lens use. Bacillus cereus is therefore a microbial contaminant that could adversely affect product safety of cosmetic and facial toiletries and pose a threat to the user if other key risk factors are also present. The infective dose in the human eye is unknown, but as few as 100 cfu has been reported to initiate infection in a susceptible animal model. However, we are not aware of any reports in the literature of B. cereus infections in any body site linked with use of personal care products. Low levels of B. cereus spores may on occasion be present in near-eye cosmetics, and these products have been used by consumers for many years. In addition, exposure to B. cereus is more likely to occur through other routes (e.g. dustborne contamination) due to its ubiquity and resistance properties of spores. The organism has been recovered from the eyes of healthy individuals. Therefore, although there may be a perceived hazard, the risk of severe eye infections as a consequence of exposure through contaminated near-eye cosmetics is judged to be vanishingly small. It is unlikely that more stringent microbiological standards for near-eye cosmetics will have any impact on the risk of severe eye infections caused by B. cereus, as these are not linked to use of personal care products.R esum e Bacillus cereus est une bact erie largement r epandue dans la nature et est pr esente naturellement dans une grande vari et e de mati eres premi eres et de produits alimentaires. Les spores de B. cereus sont r esistantes aux op erations de d eshydratation et de chauffage et sont capables de survivre au stockage a sec et a la cuisson. Les cellules v eg etatives produisent plusieurs toxines qui peuvent provoquer des vomissements et/ou des diarrh ees (selon la nature des toxines produites) lorsque elles sont ing er ees en quantit e suffisante. Les maladies gastro-intestinales sont couramment associ ees avec des aliments r echauff es ou cuits de mani ere inad equate. En plus d'être une cause rare de plusieurs infections aigu€ es (comme la pneumonie ou la septic emie), ...

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Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus in personal care products: risk to consumers

Pitt¹,

McClure

Parker

et al. 2015

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…This may suggest that the pigment or pigment-associated ingredients are conducive to increased microbial load at any time during or prior to the manufacturing process. This association of microbial growth with pigment or pigment-associated ingredients together with the observation that the most represented micro-organisms in our cosmetic survey were bacilli, common soil, plant and food bacteria, suggests that the natural raw materials are a likely source of observed microbial loads (Brannan and Geis 2009;Mpuchane et al 2010;Di Maiuta and Schwarzentruber 2011).…”

Section: Association Between Colour Cosmetics and Microbial Loadmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…These findings, together with the identification of Bacilli, common soil, plant and food bacteria, as the most represented micro‐organisms in our cosmetic survey, suggest that the natural raw materials are likely source of observed microbial loads. Clays, carbonites and other natural raw materials found in cosmetics often contain bacilli (Brannan and Geis ; Mpuchane et al . ; Di Maiuta and Schwarzentruber ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings, together with the identification of Bacilli, common soil, plant and food bacteria, as the most represented micro-organisms in our cosmetic survey, suggest that the natural raw materials are likely source of observed microbial loads. Clays, carbonites and other natural raw materials found in cosmetics often contain bacilli (Brannan and Geis 2009;Mpuchane et al 2010;Di Maiuta and Schwarzentruber 2011). Preservatives, even if present in the lower water activity cosmetics, will not be effective against micro-organisms carried over through raw materials, and are added to prevent bacterial growth after opening the product and introducing moisture during recurrent use.…”

Section: Association Between Water Activity Ph and Microbial Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FDA 2014 survey of eye area cosmetics for microbiological safety

Periz

Misock

Huang

et al. 2018

Lett Appl Microbiol

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In an attempt to assess cosmetics containing ‘nontraditional’ preservatives, 93 eye area cosmetic products were selected based on labelled or marketed claims that these products were ‘green’, ‘natural’, ‘paraben‐free’, ‘preservative‐free’ or contained nontraditional preservatives (e.g. botanical extracts). Products were analysed for water activity, pH and microbiological content, which included enumeration of aerobic micro‐organisms, detection of microbial growth after a 7‐day enrichment and identification of microbial isolates. The survey found that 60% (56/93) of the eye area cosmetics were free of microbiological growth under test conditions, 32% (30/93) showed the presence of micro‐organisms at low levels (<100 CFU per ml or g) and 8% (7/93) showed microbiological growth at higher levels (> 100 CFU per ml or g). Gram‐positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Staphylococcus were the dominant genera identified in these cosmetic products, whereas Gram‐negative species were relatively uncommon. The survey found a positive association between lower water activity cosmetics and the presence of micro‐organisms in these products. Similarly, colour cosmetics were more likely to contain micro‐organisms than noncolour cosmetics. The most represented micro‐organisms in the survey were from genus Bacillus, suggesting that the natural raw materials are the likely source of observed microbial loads. Significance and Impact of the Study In the United States, cosmetic products are regulated postmarket; therefore, surveillance programmes are one of FDA's most important tools for monitoring microbiological safety of cosmetics. ‘Traditional’ preservatives, such as parabens and formaldehyde releasers, are perceived unfavourably by some consumers, resulting in cosmetic manufacturers increasingly using ‘nontraditional’ preservatives. FDA conducted an analytical survey of eye area cosmetics that claimed to be free of traditional preservatives and determined microbiological loads in tested products. This study explores the association of microbial loads with the physical and chemical characteristics of the cosmetic products, and points to the limits of preservative activity in cosmetics.

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“…In dry raw materials such as powders, spore‐forming Bacillus and Clostridium spp. are quite often the main contaminants [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of bacteria in calcium carbonate powder used in cosmetic formulations

Maiuta

Schwarzentruber

2011

International Journal of Cosmetic Science

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Given that a variety of bacterial species may occur in the calcium carbonate powder used for cosmetic formulations, an understanding of their diversity and abundance is necessary to accurately assess the contamination of the finished product. 16S rRNA was PCR-amplified from genomic DNA extracted from three different calcium carbonate powder grades, and these amplicon libraries were sequenced using deep amplicon sequencing technology. The resulting libraries contained 4149-6688 16S rRNA reads per sample with a length of 327-342 bp. Classification into genus of pyrosequencing reads of the dominant bacterial species found in calcium carbonate powders was used to confirm the absence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. The analysis described here can be used to determine the microbial diversity of calcium carbonate powder or the presence of any 'indicator microorganisms' in raw materials as well as in cosmetic products. This work provides guidance for prioritizing subsequent culturable and quantitative analysis, ensuring that potentially significant microorganisms are not left out of risk estimations.

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Cosmetics Microbiology

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Bacillus cereus in personal care products: risk to consumers

Bacillus cereus in personal care products: risk to consumers

FDA 2014 survey of eye area cosmetics for microbiological safety

Molecular detection of bacteria in calcium carbonate powder used in cosmetic formulations

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