Cortisol treatment of prespawning female cod affects cytogenesis related factors in eggs and embryos

Kleppe, Lene; Karlsen, Ørjan; Edvardsen, Rolf B.; Norberg, Birgitta; Andersson, Eva; Taranger, Geir Lasse; Wargelius, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.028

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Another outstanding question concerns how and when maternal steroids influence the steroid environment experienced by developing offspring because few studies have attempted to link maternal steroids in ovaries or in circulation to steroids in eggs, embryos and/or later in offspring development in fishes 28,103,104 . Whether steroid content in embryos reflects recent/current maternal history or the mother's more distant past 103,104 is not well understood. There is some evidence that cortisol in fish embryos is reflective of at least several days of past maternal steroid levels and potentially maternal steroids over the entire yolking process (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of predation risk on egg steroid profiles across multiple populations of threespine stickleback

McGhee

Paitz

Baker

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Predation often has consistent effects on prey behavior and morphology, but whether the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects show similarly consistent patterns across different populations remains an open question. In vertebrates, predation risk activates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and there is growing evidence that activation of the maternal HPA axis can have intergenerational consequences via, for example, maternally-derived steroids in eggs. Here, we investigated how predation risk affects a suite of maternally-derived steroids in threespine stickleback eggs across nine Alaskan lakes that vary in whether predatory trout are absent, native, or have been stocked within the last 25 years. Using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/ MS), we detected 20 steroids within unfertilized eggs. Factor analysis suggests that steroids covary within and across steroid classes (i.e. glucocorticoids, progestogens, sex steroids), emphasizing the modularity and interconnectedness of the endocrine response. Surprisingly, egg steroid profiles were not significantly associated with predator regime, although they were more variable when predators were absent compared to when predators were present, with either native or stocked trout. Despite being the most abundant steroid, cortisol was not consistently associated with predation regime. Thus, while predators can affect steroids in adults, including mothers, the link between maternal stress and embryonic development is more complex than a simple one-to-one relationship between the population-level predation risk experienced by mothers and the steroids mothers transfer to their eggs. Predation is a potent force that shapes phenotypes over evolutionary and developmental time 1,2. A major question in evolutionary biology is the extent to which selective pressures such as predation pressure have predictable effects on prey phenotypes and the role of natural selection in shaping consistent patterns of plasticity and/or the independent evolution of similar traits in closely related lineages (i.e. parallelism 3-6). Examining whether different populations of prey respond to predators in the same manner has offered insights into this question 7. For example, traits that protect prey and/or enable quick escape from predators often show evidence of parallelism across replicate populations with similar predation regimes (e.g. morphology 7,8 ; antipredator behavior 9,10). Predation pressure has also been shown to affect life history traits (e.g. age and size at maturity, offspring size and number), often in a parallel manner across populations with similar predation regimes 11,12. Despite the many studies comparing morphology, behavior, and life history traits among populations that differ in predation risk, less is known about the predictability of changes in physiological mechanisms underlying these phenotypic responses to predation pressure. The physiological response to acute and chronic stressors such as predation risk is highly conserv...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of predation risk on egg steroid profiles across multiple populations of threespine stickleback

McGhee

Paitz

Baker

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Cortisol is considered to be a primary stress indicator with detrimental effects in fish (Barton and Iwama, 1991;Wendelaar Bonga, 1997). Thus, elevated cortisol reduced survival in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, eggs (Kleppe et al, 2013) and inhibited puberty in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Consten et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

On the proper rearing density in domesticated zebrafish to avoid unwanted masculinization. Links with the stress response

Ribas

Valdivieso

Díaz

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a well-established experimental model in many research fields but the loss of the primary sex-determining region during the process of domestication renders laboratory strains of zebrafish susceptible to the effects of environmental factors on sex ratios. Further, an essential husbandry aspect -the optimal rearing density to avoid stress-induced masculinization -is not known. We carried out two experiments: the first focusing on the effects of density on survival, growth and sex ratio by rearing zebrafish at different initial densities (9, 19, 37 and 74 fish per litre) for 3 months (6-90 days post-fertilization, dpf ), and the second focusing on the effects of cortisol during the sex differentiation period (15-45 dpf) for zebrafish reared at low density. The results showed an increase in the number of males in groups subjected to the two highest initial rearing densities; we also observed a reduction of survival and growth in a density-dependent manner. Furthermore, zebrafish treated with cortisol during the sex differentiation period showed a complete masculinization of the population; treatment with the cortisol synthesis inhibitor metyrapone negated the effects of exogenous cortisol. Our results indicate that the process of sex differentiation in domesticated zebrafish can be perturbed by elevated stocking density and that this effect is likely to be mediated by an increase in cortisol through the stress response. However, the underlying mechanism needs further study.

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“…Unfortunately, this could not be confirmed in the current study as cod broodstock could not be sampled during the spawning window. While the longer term survivability of cod embryos was not recorded, the work of Kleppe et al (2013) suggest that those which did survive would have possibly been further compromised as they could exhibit an elevated proportion of abnormal development, as also recently shown in marine invertebrates (Aguilar de Soto et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…There was however a clear negative relationship between cortisol level and fertilisation rate in the noise exposed population that did not exist in the control population. Kleppe et al (2013) reported that cortisol concentration in cod eggs and embryos was positively correlated to the plasma concentration of the female. Furthermore high concentrations of plasma cortisol in spawning cod females ∼30 ng mL −1 resulted in a higher frequency of deformities in larvae (Morgan et al, 1999) and ∼150 ng mL −1 caused differential gene expression in eggs and embryos in pathways linked mainly to cytogenesis and mesodermal fate (Kleppe et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kleppe et al (2013) reported that cortisol concentration in cod eggs and embryos was positively correlated to the plasma concentration of the female. Furthermore high concentrations of plasma cortisol in spawning cod females ∼30 ng mL −1 resulted in a higher frequency of deformities in larvae (Morgan et al, 1999) and ∼150 ng mL −1 caused differential gene expression in eggs and embryos in pathways linked mainly to cytogenesis and mesodermal fate (Kleppe et al, 2013). By association we can speculate that in the current study the long-term sound stressor provided to the broodstock could have generated a chronic stress response with increased secretion of cortisol and subsequent maternal transfer of elevated cortisol to the eggs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stress response to anthropogenic noise in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.

Sierra-Flores

Atack

Migaud

et al. 2015

Aquacultural Engineering

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Cortisol treatment of prespawning female cod affects cytogenesis related factors in eggs and embryos

Cited by 28 publications

References 67 publications

Effects of predation risk on egg steroid profiles across multiple populations of threespine stickleback

Effects of predation risk on egg steroid profiles across multiple populations of threespine stickleback

On the proper rearing density in domesticated zebrafish to avoid unwanted masculinization. Links with the stress response

Stress response to anthropogenic noise in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.

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