Cortisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport

Schmidt, Alice; Möstl, Erich; Wehnert, Christiane; Aurich, Jörg; Müller, Jürgen E.; Aurich, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.003

Cited by 202 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We have found significant differences in 'journey duration' only for HR, and within it, when it was measured just after the competition and for both intervals (LHRI and PHRI), thus affecting mainly the performance ability of the animal. Schmidt et al (2010) reported high HR values (higher than basal HR values) up to 6 h after a journey duration of 8 and 3.5 h. In our study, horses arrived at the competition centre 1 day before the jumping exercise. Fazio et al (2009) suggested a cumulative effect on an individual horses's HR due to novel environments experienced during transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

“…As regards 'journey duration', several authors have reported different stress responses for this parameter (Schmidt et al, 2010;Tateo et al, 2012). We have found significant differences in 'journey duration' only for HR, and within it, when it was measured just after the competition and for both intervals (LHRI and PHRI), thus affecting mainly the performance ability of the animal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…On the other hand, HR results were in the range and a little bit higher than those reported by other authors, from 34 to 93 b.p.m. (Covalesky et al, 1992;Schmidt et al, 2010;Munsters et al, 2012). The coefficients of variation calculated from residuals (intrinsic variation due to the individual, once the effect of the environmental factors included in the models was debugged) indicated that variability of both parameters was mainly explained by differences between animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the most remarkable non-invasive ways of measuring how the HPA axis works in horses are HR, HR variability, salivary cortisol, cortisol in faeces or urine cortisol (von Borell et al, 2007;Schmidt et al, 2010;Peeters et al, 2011) and most recently, eye temperature (ET) measured with infrared thermography (IRT) technology (Cook et al, 2001;Hall et al, 2011;McGreevy et al, 2012). ET has been shown to be a more consistent measure of temperature changes in response to stress than other anatomical areas such as the nose (Nakayama et al, 2005), ear (Ludwig et al, 2007), head (McGreevy et al, 2012) or body surfaces (McCafferty, 2007) and it has been also used for detection of inflammatory processes in extremities in horses (Eddy et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using eye temperature and heart rate for stress assessment in young horses competing in jumping competitions and its possible influence on sport performance

Bartolomé

Sánchez

Molina

et al. 2013

Animal

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The aims of this study were, first, to evaluate eye temperature (ET) with infrared thermography and heart rate (HR) to measure stress in horses during show jumping competitions and their relationship with competition results, and second, to evaluate the influence of different extrinsic and intrinsic factors of the horse on the stress measurements analysed. One hundred and seventy-three Spanish Sport Horses were analysed for ET and HR, and these measurements were taken 3 h before the competition, just after and 3 h after it. Two interval measurements were also assessed for each parameter. Positive significant correlations were found between ET and HR, measured before (r = 0.23), just after competition (r = 0.28) and for the later interval (r = 0.26), whereas negative correlations with competition results were found only for ET when measured just after competing (r =− 0.25). Two intrinsic factors (genetic line and age) and no extrinsic factors showed significant differences for ET, whereas one intrinsic factor (age) and two extrinsic factors (journey duration and number of training hours) showed significant differences for HR. The marginal means showed significantly higher ET values for the Anglo-Arab genetic line and for 5-year-old animals. HR values were significantly higher for 4-year-old animals, for horses which had travelled 4 to 6 h and for horses that had 3 to 6 h of daily training. This study suggests that, although ET and HR seemed to share a similar physiological basis, the factors that most influenced each parameter were different. Finally, ET seems to be a suitable tool for assessing stress during show jumping competitions in horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using eye temperature and heart rate for stress assessment in young horses competing in jumping competitions and its possible influence on sport performance

Bartolomé

Sánchez

Molina

et al. 2013

Animal

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“…Therefore, we preferred to collect saliva than blood to measure the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). This salivary corticosteroid is largely used as a stress hormone in humans [7] as well as in horses [5,8,9]. A cortisol concentration increase is observed in saliva with a delay of approximately 20-30 minutes before it is observed in blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Peeters

Closson

Beckers

et al. 2013

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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a b s t r a c tDuring competition, stress may affect riders and horses. This stress can affect health, welfare, and/or performance. Our aim was to quantify stress levels during competition in horses and riders. We also searched relationships between these stress levels and performance. Twenty riders and 23 horses were followed up during a show-jumping event (26 courses) held at a riding school. Regular saliva samples taken from horses and riders were assayed to evaluate cortisol levels. We studied salivary cortisol evolution during the days of competition. There was no correlation between instantaneous sampling on horses and their riders. However, we did find a parallel between horse and rider salivary cortisol evolution curves, with a similar peak, reached 20 minutes after the course. The increase was stronger in riders than in horses. Correlations appeared between salivary cortisol concentration and performance, but stress in both partners seems to have an opposite influence on performance. Riders who showed a higher salivary cortisol increase were awarded more penalties, whereas horses that showed a higher increase in salivary cortisol performed better. Stress level measurement in riderehorse pairs would thus lead to improvement in competition conditions and performance, for horses as well as for riders.

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Highly stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls during early development in the domestic cat

Hudson

Chacha

Bánszegi

et al. 2017

Developmental Psychobiology

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Study of the development of individuality is often hampered by rapidly changing behavioral repertoires and the need for minimally intrusive tests. We individually tested 33 kittens from eight litters of the domestic cat in an arena for 3 min once a week for the first 3 postnatal weeks, recording the number of separation calls and the duration of locomotor activity. Kittens showed consistent and stable individual differences on both measures across and within trials. Stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls across trials emerged already within the first 10 s of testing, and in locomotor activity within the first 30 s. Furthermore, individual kittens' emission of separation calls, but not their locomotor activity, was highly stable within trials. We conclude that separation calls provide an efficient, minimally intrusive and reliable measure of individual differences in behavior during development in the cat, and possibly in other species emitting such calls.

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Cortisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport

Cited by 202 publications

References 37 publications

Using eye temperature and heart rate for stress assessment in young horses competing in jumping competitions and its possible influence on sport performance

Using eye temperature and heart rate for stress assessment in young horses competing in jumping competitions and its possible influence on sport performance

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Highly stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls during early development in the domestic cat

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