Cortisol receptor expression differs in the brains of rainbow trout selected for divergent cortisol responses

Johansen, Ida Beitnes; Sandvik, Guro K.; Nilsson, Göran; Bakken, Morten; Øverli, Øyvind

doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2010.11.002

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…However, the results show that relative expression levels of a and b glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors were not different between coping styles or between tissues tested. This finding contradicts the results by Johansen et al (2011) who reported increased mineralocorticoid receptors' expression in low responding (LR), compared with high responding (HR) rainbow trout. However, the differences may be explained by the applied protocol: the study by Johansen et al (2011) analysed different parts of the brain, such as cerebellum, hypothalamus, optic tectum and telencephalon, while this study examined the entire brain.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…This finding contradicts the results by Johansen et al (2011) who reported increased mineralocorticoid receptors' expression in low responding (LR), compared with high responding (HR) rainbow trout. However, the differences may be explained by the applied protocol: the study by Johansen et al (2011) analysed different parts of the brain, such as cerebellum, hypothalamus, optic tectum and telencephalon, while this study examined the entire brain. Additionally, Øverli et al (2007) suggest that HR and LR fish do not always correlate with behaviourally determined reactive and proactive fish, respectively, possibly due to other factors currently not fully understood.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Covariation between behaviour and physiology indicators of coping style in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Tudorache¹,

Schaaf²,

Slabbekoorn³

2013

Journal of Endocrinology

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All vertebrates exhibit physiological responses to a wide variety of stressors. The amplitude and profile of the response depend on the intensity, duration, controllability and predictability of the stressor, but there is also individual variation in the response, termed coping style. A better understanding of the expression of coping styles is of great value for medical applications, animal welfare issues and conservation. Here, we investigated the effect of repeated netting stress on proactive and reactive zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an upcoming model system for stress research. Fish were separated by coping styles according to the order of entering a novel environment. Subsequently, repeated netting stress was applied as stressor, over a period of 21 days. Full-body cortisol levels were determined at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the last repeated stress event. Our results show that reactive fish display i) increased basal cortisol concentrations after being repeatedly stressed, ii) higher cortisol secretion over time and iii) slow recovery of cortisol concentration towards basal levels after the last repeated stress event. This study shows for the first time in zebrafish that different coping styles are associated with different cortisol responses during the recovery from stress over time and that coping styles can explain otherwise unaccounted variation in physiological stress responses.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Covariation between behaviour and physiology indicators of coping style in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Tudorache¹,

Schaaf²,

Slabbekoorn³

2013

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Predation threat necessarily invokes a stress response and thus may evoke a reduction in feed intake both through physiological (Scheuerlein et al, 2001) and behavioural (Metcalfe, 1987) changes to reduce feeding rates in the presence of a predator. Coping style theory predicts that bold (proactive) and shy (reactive) animals respond to stress with low or high HPI activity, respectively (Koolhaas et al, 1999;Øverli et al, 2002;Pottinger and Carrick, 2001), and previous studies using lines of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, bred for divergent stress responses revealed significantly different patterns of gene expression between low and high stress responsive fish (Backström et al, 2011;Johansen et al, 2011;Thomson et al, 2011). However, how individual differences in HPI activity and coping style reflect antipredator and foraging strategies remains relatively under-studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour?

Thomson

Watts

Pottinger

et al. 2012

Hormones and Behavior

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Article (refereed) -postprintThomson, Jack S.; Watts, Phillip C.; Pottinger, Tom G.; Sneddon, Lynne U. 2012 Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour? Hormones and Behavior, 61 (5). 750-757. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.014 Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Boldness, a measure of an individual's propensity for taking risks, is an important determinant of fitness but is not necessarily a fixed trait. Dependent upon an individual's state, and given certain contexts or challenges, individuals may be able to alter their inclination to be bold or shy in response. Furthermore, the degree to which individuals can modulate their behaviour has been linked with physiological responses to stress. Here we attempted to determine whether bold and shy rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, can exhibit behavioural plasticity in response to changes in state (nutritional availability) and context (predation threat). Individual trout were initially assessed for boldness using a standard novel object paradigm; subsequently, each day for one week fish experienced either predictable, unpredictable, or no simulated predator threat in combination with a high (2% body weight) or low (0.15%) food ration, before being reassessed for boldness. Bold trout were generally more plastic, altering levels of neophobia and activity relevant to the challenge, whereas shy trout were more fixed and remained shy. Increased predation risk generally resulted in an increase in the expression of three candidate genes linked to boldness, appetite regulation and physiological stress responses -ependymin, corticotrophin releasing factor and GABA A -but did not produce a significant increase in plasma cortisol. Plasticity of boldness in rainbow troutThe results suggest a divergence in the ability of bold and shy trout to alter their behavioural profiles in response to internal and exogenous factors, and have important implications for our understanding of the maintenance of different behavioural phenotypes in natural populations.

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“…mRNA levels of MR in the brain of juvenile rainbow trout are higher than in any other tissues measured using RT-PCR (Sturm et al, 2005). Recent work by Johansen et al (Johansen et al, 2011) showed that MR mRNA levels are elevated in the hypothalamus of rainbow trout that have been selectively bred for low cortisol response to stress compared with trout that were bred for high cortisol release. These low-response fish tend to become dominant when paired in agonistic interactions with high-response fish (Johansen et al, 2011).…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These low-response fish tend to become dominant when paired in agonistic interactions with high-response fish (Johansen et al, 2011). Thus, MR may play a conserved role in regulating dominance or cortisol levels in A. burtoni and rainbow trout.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Social regulation of cortisol receptor gene expression

Korzan

Grone

Fernald

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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In many social species, individuals influence the reproductive capacity of conspecifics. In a well-studied African cichlid fish species, Astatotilapia burtoni, males are either dominant (D) and reproductively competent or non-dominant (ND) and reproductively suppressed as evidenced by reduced gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH1) release, regressed gonads, lower levels of androgens and elevated levels of cortisol. Here, we asked whether androgen and cortisol levels might regulate this reproductive suppression. Astatotilapia burtoni has four glucocorticoid receptors (GR1a, GR1b, GR2 and MR), encoded by three genes, and two androgen receptors (ARα and ARβ), encoded by two genes. We previously showed that ARα and ARβ are expressed in GnRH1 neurons in the preoptic area (POA), which regulates reproduction, and that the mRNA levels of these receptors are regulated by social status. Here, we show that GR1, GR2 and MR mRNAs are also expressed in GnRH1 neurons in the POA, revealing potential mechanisms for both androgens and cortisol to influence reproductive capacity. We measured AR, MR and GR mRNA expression levels in a microdissected region of the POA containing GnRH1 neurons, comparing D and ND males. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we found D males had higher mRNA levels of ARα, MR, total GR1a and GR2 in the POA compared with ND males. In contrast, ND males had significantly higher levels of GR1b mRNA, a receptor subtype with a reduced transcriptional response to cortisol. Through this novel regulation of receptor type, neurons in the POA of an ND male will be less affected by the higher levels of cortisol typical of low status, suggesting GR receptor type change as a potential adaptive mechanism to mediate high cortisol levels during social suppression. KEY WORDS: Cichlid, Glucocorticoid receptors, Social stress, Androgen receptors INTRODUCTIONSocial status hierarchies are a ubiquitous organizing principle of social systems in many animal species from ants (Wilson, 2000) to primates (Cheney and Seyfarth, 1990), including humans (Chiao et al., 2009). Such hierarchies typically regulate access to resources including territories, food and/or mates, granting individuals of high status access to these resources and requiring those of low status to find alternative solutions to survive. In many species, the reproductive capacity of low status individuals is reduced and mating is not possible because of behavioral and physiological changes (e.g. Willisch et al., 2012). Typically, aggressive encounters establish and maintain social rank, which, in turn, produces significant differences in reproductive capacity. In such social systems, levels of stress and reproductive hormones directly reflect the social rank of individuals and may play a causal role in behavioral and physiological changes. RESEARCH ARTICLEThe relationship between social dominance and reproductive physiology has been well studied in an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni (Günther 1894), in which status regulates both reproductive access and...

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Cortisol receptor expression differs in the brains of rainbow trout selected for divergent cortisol responses

Cited by 41 publications

References 59 publications

Covariation between behaviour and physiology indicators of coping style in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Covariation between behaviour and physiology indicators of coping style in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour?

Social regulation of cortisol receptor gene expression

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