Cortisol Reactivity, Distress Behavior, and Behavioral and Psychological Problems in Young Adolescents: A Longitudinal Perspective

Susman, Elizabeth J.; Dorn, Lorah D.; Inoff‐Germain, Gale; Nottelmann, Edith D.; Chrousos, George P.

doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0701_5

Cited by 110 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although no differences in baseline cortisol levels were reported in these studies, lower cortisol levels during stress were found in children with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) compared with normal controls (NC) (Van Goozen et al, 2000Moss et al, 1995). In contrast, a positive relationship was found in healthy adolescents between antisocial behavior and cortisol levels during experimentally induced aggression (Gerra et al, 1997) and during an emotion arousing and a painful procedure (Susman et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Popma

Doreleijers

Jansen

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Patterns of low hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity have been observed in antisocial groups. As conflicting results have been reported in children and adolescents, the aim of this study was to further investigate HPA activity in antisocial behavior by studying the relationship between the diurnal cortisol cycle, as well as the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and antisocial behavior in male adolescents. The diurnal cortisol cycle and the CAR during the first hour after awakening were compared between 12-to 14-year-old boys who attended a delinquency diversion program (DP), with and without a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) (respectively DP + ; n ¼ 24 and DPÀ; n ¼ 65), and matched normal controls (NC; n ¼ 32). The DP + group, but not the DPÀ group, showed a significantly slower decrease of cortisol during the diurnal cycle than the NC group. Furthermore, the DP + group had significantly lower cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening as compared with the NC group. The results indicate altered HPA activity in delinquent boys with a DBD. Etiological mechanisms, directions for future research, and clinical implications are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Popma

Doreleijers

Jansen

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…For instance, adolescents showing increased cortisol reactivity during the experimental procedures exhibited more behavior problems and symptoms of depression when examined 1 year later [528]. In general, Ryan [473] concluded that individuals with externalizing disorders (conduct disorder in adolescence; antisocial behavior and aggressiveness in adults) exhibit lower cortisol levels, while those with internalizing disorders (social withdrawal, depression) exhibit cortisol hypersecretion after stressors, especially social stressors.…”

Section: Hormonal Response To Stressors In Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

4,686

110

4,301

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To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood, adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for independence. Certain behavioral features, including age-related increases in social behavior and risk-taking/novelty-seeking, are common among adolescents of diverse mammalian species and may aid in this process. Reduced positive incentive values from stimuli may lead adolescents to pursue new appetitive reinforcers through drug use and other risk-taking behaviors, with their relative insensitivity to drugs supporting comparatively greater per occasion use. Pubertal increases in gonadal hormones are a hallmark of adolescence, although there is little evidence for a simple association of these hormones with behavioral change during adolescence. Prominent developmental transformations are seen in prefrontal cortex and limbic brain regions of adolescents across a variety of species, alterations that include an apparent shift in the balance between mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems. Developmental changes in these stressor-sensitive regions, which are critical for attributing incentive salience to drugs and other stimuli, likely contribute to the unique characteristics of adolescence. ᭧

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“…sure collection of a sufficient volume of saliva for acSaliva cortisol represents a simple and noninvasive measure that has greatly facilitated the study of the interactions among the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, environmental events, and behavior in the context of the study of health and development across the life span (e.g., Granger, Weisz, McCracken, Ikeda, & Douglas, 1996;Gunnar, Brodersen, Nachmias, & Buss, 1996;Gunnar, Marvinney, Isensee, & Fisch, 1989;Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1987;Prkville, Susman, Zarit, Smyer, & Bosworth, 1996;Susman, Dorn, Inoff-Germain, Nottelman, & Chrousos, 1997). Salivary determinations of cortisol are made possible, in most instances, by means of slight modifications of commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits manufactured for use with serum (Al-Hakiem & Abbas, 1987;Kirschbaum, Strasburger, Jammers, & Hellhammer, 1989;Woolston, Gianfredi, Paugus, & Mason, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Salivary Cortisol in Studies of Child Development

Schwartz¹,

Granger²,

Susman³

et al. 1998

Child Development

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283

124

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In a series of studies, we evaluated the susceptibility of radioimmunoassays (RIA) for saliva cortisol to interference effects caused by oral stimulants used to facilitate saliva collection in studies with children. When added directly to saliva samples, oral stimulants (drink mix crystals) artificially inflated estimated cortisol concentrations. The magnitude of the interference effect was concentration-dependent and more pronounced for some stimulants and RIA procedures than for others. Analysis of samples collected using oral stimulants from child and adult participants confirmed stimulant interference as an extraneous source of variability in measured saliva cortisol. Associations between serum and saliva cortisol and between saliva cortisol and "behavioral" variables were attenuated by stimulant interference. A survey of six large child studies estimated interference effects, indexed by low sample pH, to be present in 14.7% of the 1,148 total saliva samples, or 2%-54% (M = 22%) of samples within each study. Recommendations to minimize the impact of stimluant interference in studies involving salivary cortisol in the context of child health and development are outlined.

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Cortisol Reactivity, Distress Behavior, and Behavioral and Psychological Problems in Young Adolescents: A Longitudinal Perspective

Cited by 110 publications

References 27 publications

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Assessing Salivary Cortisol in Studies of Child Development

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