Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor and its Binding Protein in Human Plasma

Lowry, P. J.

doi:10.1002/9780470514368.ch6

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Placental CRH is released establishing a positive feedback loop that allows for the simultaneous increase of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in the maternal and fetal compartments over the course of gestation [King et al, 2001a;Petraglia et al, 1996]. As pregnancy advances, levels of CRH in plasma reach those observed within the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system during stress [Lowry, 1993]. Hypothalamic CRH is not, however, detectable in the peripheral circulation.…”

Section: Corticotropin-releasingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone during Pregnancy Is Associated with Infant Temperament

Davis

Glynn²,

Schetter³

et al. 2005

Dev Neurosci

110

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During pregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released into maternal and fetal circulation from the placenta. Elevated concentrations of placental CRH are associated with spontaneous preterm birth, but the consequences for infant development, independent of birth outcome, are unknown. In this study, the effects of placental CRH on infant temperament were examined in a sample of 248 full-term infants. Maternal blood samples were collected at 19, 25 and 31 weeks of gestation for CRH analysis. Infant temperament was assessed with measures of fear and distress at 2 months of age. Infants of mothers with low CRH at 25 weeks of gestation scored lower in fear and distress at 2 months. CRH at 19 and 31 weeks’ gestation was not significantly associated with measures of infant temperament, suggesting the possibility that there is a sensitive period for its effects. These data suggest that prenatal exposure to CRH may exert influences that persist into the postnatal period.

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Section: Corticotropin-releasingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone during Pregnancy Is Associated with Infant Temperament

Davis

Glynn²,

Schetter³

et al. 2005

Dev Neurosci

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hypothalamic CRH is not detectable in human peripheral sera; therefore, multiple studies have demonstrated that CRH measured from maternal sera during pregnancy is from placental origins (King et al, 2001;Lowry, 1993;Petraglia, Sawchenko, Rivier, & Vale, 1987;Petraglia, Sutton, & Vale, 1989). Plasma samples were extracted (1-2 mL) with 3 volumes of ice-cold methanol, mixed, allowed to stand for 10 min at 4°C by the modified method of Linton et al (1995).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing of fetal exposure to stress hormones: Effects on newborn physical and neuromuscular maturation

Ellman

Schetter

Hobel

et al. 2008

Developmental Psychobiology

153

146

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The purpose of the study was to determine the specific periods during pregnancy in which human fetal exposure to stress hormones affects newborn physical and neuromuscular maturation. Blood was collected from 158 women at 15, 19, 25, and 31 weeks' gestation. Levels of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and maternal cortisol were determined from plasma. Newborns were evaluated with the New Ballard Maturation Score. Results indicated that increases in maternal cortisol at 15, 19, and 25 weeks and increases in placental CRH at 31 weeks were significantly associated with decreases in infant maturation among males (even after controlling for length of gestation). Results also suggested that increases in maternal cortisol at 31 weeks were associated with increases in infant maturation among females, although these results were not significant after controlling for length of gestation. Findings suggest that stress hormones have effects on human fetal neurodevelopment that are independent of birth outcome.

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“…CRH is synthesized primarily in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, whereas it is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Placental CRH production increases dramatically over the course of normal human gestation (McLean et al 1995), reaching levels at term observed only in the hypothalamic portal system (median eminence) during physiological stress (Lowry 1993). Abnormally accelerated rates or excessive levels of placental CRH are the significant risk factors for earlier onset of spontaneous birth (Holzman et al 2001, Ng et al 2002, Wadhwa et al 2004).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of steroid receptor coactivators and estrogen receptors in the human placenta

Kim¹,

Park²,

Lee³

et al. 2016

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Female sex steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone have a pivotal role in maintaining pregnancy in human and animals. Especially, estrogen exerts specific effects on the cardiovascular system and angiogenesis, and thus affects significantly on placentation. Although the functions of estrogen have been emphasized during pregnancy, their signaling pathways in the placenta have not been fully understood. In this study, estrogen signaling was evaluated according to gestational age. Human placenta samples were collected and divided into early preterm (n = 10), late preterm (n = 18), and term (n = 20) groups. First, serum estrogen concentration and corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression, which is known as gestation clock gene, were increased following gestation age in our experimental condition, as we expected. Next, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) in the placenta was evaluated. ERα (ESR1) and ERβ (ESR2) were expressed highly at term period compared with early preterm. In addition, SRC family including SRC1, SRC2, and SRC3 was expressed in the human placenta, and the levels of SRC1, SRC2, and SRC3 were increased in the placenta at the late stage of gestation. The interaction of ERs with SRCs was also examined, which was significantly enhanced at term period. In the immunostaining results, it was indicated that ERs and SRCs were all dominantly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast cells. These results suggested that SRC1, SRC2, and SRC3 were expressed and interact with ERs highly at the late stage of gestation, and may amplify the signaling of estrogen in the placenta to maintain pregnancy.

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Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor and its Binding Protein in Human Plasma

Cited by 28 publications

References 54 publications

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone during Pregnancy Is Associated with Infant Temperament

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone during Pregnancy Is Associated with Infant Temperament

Timing of fetal exposure to stress hormones: Effects on newborn physical and neuromuscular maturation

Interaction of steroid receptor coactivators and estrogen receptors in the human placenta

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