Corticosteroid response to chair restraint in the monkey

Jw, Mason

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.222.5.1291

Cited by 41 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…This may have been related to a higher level of attention, training, and testing of flight animals compared with ground controls in preparation for the 2 wk in space. Restraint of adult male rheus monkeys is followed initially by increases in the excretion of 17-hydroxysteroids or of serum cortisol that tend to normalize during the period of chairing (9,10,21). Serum cortisol remained constant in the juveniles on the ground but was increased after the spaceflight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The calcium endocrine system of adolescent rhesus monkeys and controls before and after spaceflight

Arnaud

Navidi

Deftos

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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. The calcium endocrine system of adolescent rhesus monkeys and controls before and after spaceflight. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E514-E521, 2002; 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2001.-The calcium endocrine system of nonhuman primates can be influenced by chairing for safety and the weightless environment of spaceflight. The serum of two rhesus monkeys flown on the Bion 11 mission was assayed pre-and postflight for vitamin D metabolites, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, parameters of calcium homeostasis, cortisol, and indexes of renal function. Results were compared with the same measures from five monkeys before and after chairing for a flight simulation study. Concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were 72% lower after the flight than before, and more than after chairing on the ground (57%, P Ͻ 0.05). Decreases in parathyroid hormone did not reach significance. Calcitonin showed modest decreases postflight (P Ͻ 0.02). Overall, effects of spaceflight on the calcium endocrine system were similar to the effects of chairing on the ground, but were more pronounced. Reduced intestinal calcium absorption, losses in body weight, increases in cortisol, and higher postflight blood urea nitrogen were the changes in flight monkeys that distinguished them from the flight simulation study animals. rhesus monkey; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED on the Russian biosatellite missions have contributed a great deal of information on the effects of spaceflight on bone in the primate. Although each mission was limited to the participation of only two nonhuman primates in orbit for ϳ2 wk, the effects of microgravity on bone were evaluated by biopsies after the flight (38, 39). As well, exercise activity, which may confound the interpretation of bone responses, was controlled during the flight. Reduced mechanical stress is known to depress new bone formation in localized areas of the skeleton at any age (2) and to stimulate bone resorption in the mature skeleton (18,40). The role of the calcium endocrine system in this response of bone tissue has been studied through the analyses of blood samples acquired during ground-based simulations (2, 17, 40) and spaceflight (23, 30). Smith et. al (30) note in their detailed listing of human spaceflight results that the two major calcemic hormones, parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, were suppressed and that calcitonin was unchanged. Decreases in parathyroid hormone are initiated by the release of calcium, not always detectable as an increase in serum, from an unloaded skeletal site. Suppressed parathyroid hormone would operate to reduce osteoclastic resorption and bone loss directly and indirectly by reduced intestinal absorption of calcium through decreases in the production of the vitamin D hormone. Collectively, these observations in humans place the calcium endocrine system in a role that responds to the biomechanical effects of weightlessness on bone that initiates increased resorption and decreased formation at different skeletal sites.In juvenile monkeys, pre...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The calcium endocrine system of adolescent rhesus monkeys and controls before and after spaceflight

Arnaud

Navidi

Deftos

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…In macaques, the magnitude of the cortisol response is signi cant when blood collection occurs in the hallways but not when it occurs in the homecage (Herndon et al 1984. Subjects show signi cantly higher cortisol and catecholamine levels when they are chairrestrained in an unfamiliar versus a familiar environment (Mason 1972, Mason et al 1973. Investigators often fail to note in scienti c articles if their research subjects were removed or if they were allowed to stay in the familiar home environment during handling procedures (Reinhardt & Reinhardt 2000b).…”

Section: Other Extraneous Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common husbandry-related variables in biomedical research with animals

Reinhardt

2004

Lab Anim

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A good management program provides the environment, housing, and care that . . . minimizes variations that can affect research' (National Research Council 1996). It would be naïve to rely on data collected from an animal who experiences depression and frustration resulting from an inability to show species-typical behaviours, or who experiences discomfort, pain, fear, anxiety and mental distress resulting from enforced bodily restraint. These experiences are re ected in the animal's physiological, psychological and behavioural responses to a test or to an experiment.The responses, however, differ from individual to individual because the experience itself is subjective. It is, at the least, questionable to do reliable 'scienti c' research under such methodological conditions because the data collected are bound to be in uenced by unaccounted-for extraneous variables such as distress, fear, anxiety, discomfort, depression and boredom. Sound scienti c methodology requires that research data should not be in uenced by uncontrolled variables and that the results can be replicated by other laboratories. 'Unless these requirements are met, an experiment is not considered scienti cally valid' (American Medical Association 1992).

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“…The answer may involve the activation of stress-response systems. Data indicating that relocations can produce elevations in corticosteroid secretion suggest that the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis may be activated after these procedures (28,29,31,32). Research with both human and nonhuman primates examining the effects of separation and loss has 2 It is important to emphasize that although relocations are not a part of the experimental design of the SIV studies from which we drew our sample, our data indicate that animals in a particular study tended to experience Ihe same relocation evenls.…”

Section: Relocations and Separationsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The effects of housing relocation have not been studied in great detail, although evidence exists that relocation of an animal to a novel cage, and especially to a novel room, can result in elevated corticosteroid secretion, sleep disruption, and suppression of appetite and activity (28)(29)(30)(31), as well as an enhanced corticosteroid response to a stressor (32). Housing changes have also been associated with changes in plasma cortisol and immune system measures, some of which can persist for weeks (33,34).…”

Section: J P Capitanio and N W Lerchementioning

confidence: 99%