Corticosteroid receptors and HPA-axis regulation

Kloet, E. Ronald de; Schmidt, Mathias; Meijer, Onno C.

doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80016-1

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…In the brain, MR binds endogenous glucocorticoid with a higher affinity than GR and at basal concentrations of cortisol and corticosterone, MR are occupied while the GR remains largely unoccupied [95][96][97]. However, during periods of elevated plasma GC (i.e., during stress), there is increased occupation of the GR [98,99]. In pregnancy, MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus is unaltered and GR gene expression is only modestly increased which promotes negative feedback maintaining HPA axis activity [19,100].…”

Section: Role Of Maternal Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (Hpa) Axis I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Ngema,

Xulu,

Ngubane

et al. 2024

Preprint

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A growing body of research has identified fetal risk factors associated with adult diseases that form the basis for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. This theory proposes a critical developmental period during which the fetus is highly susceptible to specific environmental influences that significantly impact health from short to long term. Maternal stress and T2DM during pregnancy are among these influences, likely leading to fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and suggesting a shared pathway between maternal dysregulated HPA axis and fetal environmental insults. Studies demonstrate that prenatal glucocorticoid exposure alters fetal HPA axis function, affecting brain function, tissue glucocorticoid availability, and fetal growth in utero. These programmed changes, such as altered HPA axis function and reduced fetal growth, contribute to metabolic disorders persisting into adulthood. T2DM is preceded by a prediabetic state, often asymptomatic, which shares similar pathophysiological complications with T2DM, including HPA axis dysregulation observed in animals. Therefore, investigating prediabetes during pregnancy alongside maternal HPA axis function and its effects on fetal outcomes is crucial, as these areas remain understudied. This review aims to synthesize existing literature on pre-existing T2DM during pregnancy, its links to fetal programming via HPA axis changes, and possible links to pregestational prediabetes.

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Section: Role Of Maternal Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (Hpa) Axis I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Ngema,

Xulu,

Ngubane

et al. 2024

Preprint

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show abstract

“…During times of elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels, such as during stress, increased occupation of GR helps to reduce the release of CRH and ACTH, ultimately lowering glucocorticoid production, and thereby regulating the function of the HPA axis. [ 75 , 76 ]. In pregnancy, MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus is unaltered, and GR gene expression is only modestly increased, which promotes negative feedback, maintaining HPA axis activity ( Figure 1 ) and, hence, the diurnal secretion of cortisol is maintained throughout pregnancy [ 16 , 77 ].…”

Section: Role Of the Maternal Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (Hpa) Ax...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Ngema,

Xulu,

Ngubane

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Research has identified fetal risk factors for adult diseases, forming the basis for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. DOHaD suggests that maternal insults during pregnancy cause structural and functional changes in fetal organs, increasing the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adulthood. It is proposed that altered maternal physiology, such as increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels associated with a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in maternal stress and T2DM during pregnancy, exposes the fetus to excess GC. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure reduces fetal growth and programs the fetal HPA axis, permanently altering its activity into adulthood. This programmed HPA axis is linked to increased risks of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders in adulthood. With the global rise in T2DM, particularly among young adults of reproductive age, it is crucial to prevent its onset. T2DM is often preceded by a prediabetic state, a condition that does not show any symptoms, causing many to unknowingly progress to T2DM. Studying prediabetes is essential, as it is a reversible stage that may help prevent T2DM-related pregnancy complications. The existing literature focuses on HPA axis dysregulation in T2DM pregnancies and its link to fetal programming. However, the effects of prediabetes on HPA axis function, specifically glucocorticoid in pregnancy and fetal outcomes, are not well understood. This review consolidates research on T2DM during pregnancy, its impact on fetal programming via the HPA axis, and possible links with pregestational prediabetes.

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Dysbiosis and Alzheimer’s disease: role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics

Thakkar

Vora

Kaur

et al. 2023

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol

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Corticosteroid receptors and HPA-axis regulation

Cited by 10 publications

References 207 publications

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Dysbiosis and Alzheimer’s disease: role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics

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