Corticospinal vs Rubrospinal Revisited: An Evolutionary Perspective for Sensorimotor Integration

Olivares-Moreno, Rafael; Rodriguez-Moreno, Paola; Lopez-Virgen, Verónica; Macías, Martín; Altamira‐Camacho, Moises; Rojas-Piloni, Gerardo

doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.686481

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 179 publications

(281 reference statements)

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“…CNS injuries associated with motor dysfunction results from the cortical denervation due to the destruction of contralesional CST axons [ 3 , 5 ], also known as the pyramidal tract. The cortical neurons that constitute the CST are also known as upper motor neurons, and postsynaptic neurons of CST in the spinal cord are referred to as lower motor neurons, which are connected to skeletal muscle through neuromuscular junctions and control muscle contraction [ 1 – 3 , 43 ]. Anatomically, most CST axons cross the midline in medulla oblongata, forming the pyramidal decussation.…”

Section: Cns Injury and Plasticity-dependent Spontaneous Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoring After Central Nervous System Injuries: Neural Mechanisms and Translational Applications of Motor Recovery

et al. 2022

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Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, are leading causes of long-term disability. It is estimated that more than half of the survivors of severe unilateral injury are unable to use the denervated limb. Previous studies have focused on neuroprotective interventions in the affected hemisphere to limit brain lesions and neurorepair measures to promote recovery. However, the ability to increase plasticity in the injured brain is restricted and difficult to improve. Therefore, over several decades, researchers have been prompted to enhance the compensation by the unaffected hemisphere. Animal experiments have revealed that regrowth of ipsilateral descending fibers from the unaffected hemisphere to denervated motor neurons plays a significant role in the restoration of motor function. In addition, several clinical treatments have been designed to restore ipsilateral motor control, including brain stimulation, nerve transfer surgery, and brain–computer interface systems. Here, we comprehensively review the neural mechanisms as well as translational applications of ipsilateral motor control upon rehabilitation after CNS injuries.

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Section: Cns Injury and Plasticity-dependent Spontaneous Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoring After Central Nervous System Injuries: Neural Mechanisms and Translational Applications of Motor Recovery

et al. 2022

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“…It arises from the red nucleus and receives inputs from different brain areas including cortex, via cortico-rubral tract, and the cerebellum (Wyart and Knafo, 2015). Rubrospinal inputs converge with CST in the spinal segmental level at interneurons and propriospinal neurons which are also receiving cutaneous and muscle afferents (Olivares-Moreno et al, 2021). The rubrospinal tract works in parallel with CST and is important for skilled movement.…”

Section: ) Brainstem-motor Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Sensory and Motor Integration for Recovery of Movement After CNS Injury

2022

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The central nervous system (CNS) integrates sensory and motor information to acquire skilled movements, known as sensory-motor integration (SMI). The reciprocal interaction of the sensory and motor systems is a prerequisite for learning and performing skilled movement. Injury to various nodes of the sensorimotor network causes impairment in movement execution and learning. Stimulation methods have been developed to directly recruit the sensorimotor system and modulate neural networks to restore movement after CNS injury. Part 1 reviews the main processes and anatomical interactions responsible for SMI in health. Part 2 details the effects of injury on sites critical for SMI, including the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. Finally, Part 3 reviews the application of activity-dependent plasticity in ways that specifically target integration of sensory and motor systems. Understanding of each of these components is needed to advance strategies targeting SMI to improve rehabilitation in humans after injury.

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“…The upper motor neurons in different brainstem regions participate in various motor activities by projecting their axons to the spinal cord through various descending tracts. In which the rubrospinal tract (RST) originating from the red nucleus (RN) plays a critical role in limb control (97)(98)(99), and the reticulospinal tract (ReST) originating from the reticular information (RI) is essential for postural control and balance maintenance (100)(101)(102)(103)(104)(105). We investigated the projection patterns of both tracts to seek the structural characteristics that could facilitate their functioning.…”

Section: The Projection and Connection Of Multiple Spinal Tracts For ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoding the mouse spinal cord locomotor neural network using tissue clearing, tissue expansion and tiling light sheet microscopy techniques

Feng

Xie

Lü

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Decoding a biological neural network requires the structural information regarding the spatial organization, dendritic morphology, axonal projection and synaptic connection of the neurons in the network. Imaging physically sectioned nervous tissues using electron microscopy (EM) has been the only method to acquire such information. However, EM is inefficient for imaging and reconstructing large neural networks due to the low throughput and inability to target neural circuits of interest by labeling specific neuron populations genetically. Here, we present a method to image large nervous tissues from the cellular to synaptic level with high throughput using tiling light sheet microscopy combined with tissue clearing and tissue expansion techniques. We describe the method, demonstrate its capability and explore its utility for decoding large biological neural networks by studying the spinal cord locomotor neural network in genetically labeled fluorescent mice. We show our method could advance the decoding of large neural networks significantly.

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Corticospinal vs Rubrospinal Revisited: An Evolutionary Perspective for Sensorimotor Integration

Cited by 21 publications

References 179 publications

Restoring After Central Nervous System Injuries: Neural Mechanisms and Translational Applications of Motor Recovery

Restoring After Central Nervous System Injuries: Neural Mechanisms and Translational Applications of Motor Recovery

Targeting Sensory and Motor Integration for Recovery of Movement After CNS Injury

Decoding the mouse spinal cord locomotor neural network using tissue clearing, tissue expansion and tiling light sheet microscopy techniques

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