Corticospinal excitability changes following downhill and uphill walking

Garnier, Yoann M; Païzis, Christos; Martin, Alain; Lepers, Romuald

doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05576-1

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Similarly, the authors reported no change in CSE measured at 5 and 15 minutes post ECC treadmill running, which is in agreement with previous studies citing a lack of change in mean CSE of the resting, non-exercised muscle 2,28 . Interestingly, this group has recently shown differences in CSE assessed between mono- and biarticular exercising muscles 38 . It should be noted however, that comparisons between CSE induced during downhill treadmill running and semi-recumbent leg cycling take place under very different conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Global Corticospinal Excitability as Assessed in A Non-Exercised Upper Limb Muscle Compared Between Concentric and Eccentric Modes of Leg Cycling

Walsh

Shemmell

Lepers

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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This study investigated the effects of eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) semi-recumbent leg cycling on global corticospinal excitability (CSE), assessed through the activity of a non-exercised hand muscle. Thirteen healthy male adults completed two 30-min bouts of moderate intensity ECC and CON recumbent cycling on separate days. Power output (POutput), heart rate (HR) and cadence were monitored during cycling. Global CSE was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle before (‘Pre’), interleaved (at 10 and 20 mins, t10 and t20, respectively), immediately after (post, P0), and 30-min post exercise (P30). Participants briefly stopped pedalling (no more than 60 s) while stimulation was applied at the t10 and t20 time-points of cycling. Mean POutput, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) did not differ between ECC and CON cycling and HR was significantly lower during ECC cycling (P = 0.01). Group mean MEP amplitudes were not significantly different between ECC and CON cycling at P0, t10, t20, and P30 and CON (at P > 0.05). Individual participant ratios of POutput and MEP amplitude showed large variability across the two modes of cycling, as did changes in slope of stimulus-response curves. These results suggest that compared to ‘Pre’ values, group mean CSE is not significantly affected by low-moderate intensity leg cycling in both modes. However, POutput and CSE show wide inter-participant variability which has implications for individual neural responses to CON and ECC cycling and rates of adaptation to a novel (ECC) mode. The study of CSE should therefore be analysed for each participant individually in relation to relevant physiological variables and account for familiarisation to semi-recumbent ECC leg cycling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Global Corticospinal Excitability as Assessed in A Non-Exercised Upper Limb Muscle Compared Between Concentric and Eccentric Modes of Leg Cycling

Walsh

Shemmell

Lepers

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Locomotor eccentric exercise may nevertheless have the potential to stimulate brain plasticity in a way partly similar to motor training [10,15]. In fact, studies from our laboratory suggested that decline walking could specifically modulate the excitability of transcerebellar sensory pathway when associated with paired-associative stimulation [20], and decrease cortical inhibition assessed in an exercised muscle when implemented alone [59]. The subsequent use of various exercise protocols during a training period could nonetheless yield distinct or opposite neuroplastic adaptations [19], depending on exercise features.…”

Section: Locomotor Eccentric Exercise To Pool Neural and Hemodynamic Neuroplastic Processesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Eccentric exercise-an active lengthening of the muscle-may therefore allow to bypass this issue by a neural path towards neuroplasticity. Eccentric exercise is known for permitting to exercise at the same work rate than conventional exercise for a lower cardiorespiratory demand [57][58][59] and perceived effort [60][61][62][63].…”

Section: Locomotor Eccentric Exercise To Pool Neural and Hemodynamic Neuroplastic Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locomotor activities as a way of inducing neuroplasticity: insights from conventional approaches and perspectives on eccentric exercises

2021

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Conventional locomotor exercise, such as cycling or walking, induces motor learning-like neuroplastic changes (i.e., decreased cortical inhibition and/or increased facilitation, assessed in a muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation). These effects seem to be a consequence of humoral processes notably resulting from hemodynamic solicitation. Unfortunately, pathological populations may not be capable of exercising at sufficient intensities to trigger these beneficial neuroplastic modulations and an alternative method is needed. As it can be inferred from noninvasive brain and peripheral stimulation studies, a high neural activity can directly result in neuroplastic changes. Similarly, eccentric exercise (i.e., active lengthening of the muscle), during which individuals develop the same force or power as conventional exercise at lower cardiorespiratory intensities, requires a high brain neural activity. As single-joint eccentric exercise was decreased cortical inhibition and increased cortical facilitation, locomotor eccentric exercise may be even more potent by pooling neural and, maybe, hemodynamic neuroplastic processes.Further studies are required to understand the influence of locomotor exercise characteristics (e.g., intensity, duration) on exercise-induced neuroplasticity.

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“…Eccentric exercise may be an alternative to conventional exercise, inducing neuroplasticity through endogenous mechanisms. It is known to elicit a lower cardiorespiratory demand (Abbott et al, 1952;Garnier et al, 2019;Lemire et al, 2019) and perceived effort (Clos et al, 2019;Elmer and Martin, 2010) than conventional exercise at the same work rate. It has also been shown to induce limited muscle damage in pathological populations, such as individuals suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Pageaux et al, 2019;Vieira et al, 2011) or obesity (Julian et al, 2018;Thomazo et al, 2019), while exercising at high-to-moderate force levels.…”

Section: Locomotor Eccentric Exercise To Pool Endogenous and Hemodynamic-related Neuroplastic Processes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Less is known about how the mode of muscle contraction affects neuroplastic changes following locomotor eccentric exercise, which should combine a longer and more pronounced activation of motor and sensory cortical networks than its concentric counterpart (as shown in single-joint exercises), with a low-but potentially significant-hemodynamic solicitation. Despite this rationale, the mode of muscle contraction does not seem to affect the global changes in corticospinal excitability measured in exercised lower limb or remote upper limb muscles, regardless of whether corticospinal excitability increased (Garnier et al, 2019(Garnier et al, , 2017 or remained unaffected (Walsh et al, 2019). Locomotor eccentric exercise may nevertheless have the potential to stimulate brain plasticity in a way partly similar to motor learning (Floyer-Lea et al, 2006;Rosenkranz et al, 2007).…”

Section: Locomotor Eccentric Exercise To Pool Endogenous and Hemodynamic-related Neuroplastic Processes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Locomotor Activities as a Way of Inducing Neuroplasticity: Insights and Perspectives on Conventional and Eccentric Exercise Approaches

Clos¹,

Lepers²,

Garnier³

2020

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Corticospinal excitability and particularly the balance between cortical inhibitory and excitatory processes (assessed in a muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation), are affected by neurodegenerative pathologies or following a stroke. Non-fatiguing conventional locomotor exercise, such as cycling or walking, decreases intracortical inhibition and/or increases intracortical facilitation. These modifications notably seem to be a consequence of neurotrophic factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factors) resulting from hemodynamic solicitation. Furthermore, it can be inferred from non-invasive brain and peripheral stimulation studies that repeated activation of neural networks can endogenously shape neuroplasticity. Such mechanisms could also occur following eccentric exercises (i.e., active lengthening of the muscle), during which motor-related cortical potential is of greater magnitude and lasts longer (assessed by electroencephalography) than during concentric exercises (i.e., muscle shortening). As single-joint eccentric exercise decreased short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation (assessed by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation immediately after), locomotor eccentric exercise may be even more potent by adding hemodynamic-related neuroplastic processes to endogenous processes. Besides, eccentric exercise is especially useful to develop relatively high force levels at low cardiorespiratory and perceived intensity, which can be a training goal in addition to inducing neuroplastic changes. Further studies are required to understand how neuroplasticity is 1) acutely influenced by locomotor exercise characteristics (e.g., intensity, duration), 2) modulated by an exercise-based rehabilitation program, 3) related to functional cognitive and motor outcomes relevant to pathological population.

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Corticospinal excitability changes following downhill and uphill walking

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Global Corticospinal Excitability as Assessed in A Non-Exercised Upper Limb Muscle Compared Between Concentric and Eccentric Modes of Leg Cycling

Global Corticospinal Excitability as Assessed in A Non-Exercised Upper Limb Muscle Compared Between Concentric and Eccentric Modes of Leg Cycling

Locomotor activities as a way of inducing neuroplasticity: insights from conventional approaches and perspectives on eccentric exercises

Locomotor Activities as a Way of Inducing Neuroplasticity: Insights and Perspectives on Conventional and Eccentric Exercise Approaches

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