Cortical visual area CSv as a cingulate motor area: a sensorimotor interface for the control of locomotion

Abstract

The response properties, connectivity and function of the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) are reviewed. Cortical area CSv has been identified in both human and macaque brains. It has similar response properties and connectivity in the two species. It is situated bilaterally in the cingulate sulcus close to an established group of medial motor/premotor areas. It has strong connectivity with these areas, particularly the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area, suggesting that it is involved in motor control. CSv is active during visual stimulation but only if that stimulation is indicative of self-motion. It is also active during vestibular stimulation and connectivity data suggest that it receives proprioceptive input. Connectivity with topographically organized somatosensory and motor regions strongly emphasizes the legs over the arms. Together these properties suggest that CSv provides a key interface between the sensory and motor systems in the control of locomotion. It is likely that its role involves online control and adjustment of ongoing locomotory movements, including obstacle avoidance and maintaining the intended trajectory. It is proposed that CSv is best seen as part of the cingulate motor complex. In the human case, a modification of the influential scheme of Picard and Strick (Picard and Strick, Cereb Cortex 6:342–353, 1996) is proposed to reflect this.

Retinotopic organization of feedback projections in primate early visual cortex: implications for active vision

“…In rodents and perhaps in humans, prostriata receives a direct input from the dorsal lateral geniculate (Chen et al, 2021; Kurzawski et al, 2020). In addition to the projection from prostriata we found a considerably weaker projection from the retrosplenial area 23, which has also been proposed to constitute a primate visual motion area (Smith, 2021).…”

“…Our findings show that the limbic area prostriata has a relatively robust projection to the far periphery of the upper and lower visual field of areas V1 and V2, whereas projections to the paracentral representation are considerably weaker and completely absent to the central representations. Prostriata has a limbic cytoarchitecture (Sanides, 1972), and recent connectivity and physiology studies suggest that it may constitute a primitive visual motion region (Smith, 2021; Yu et al, 2012). Electrophysiological recordings and fMRI reveal an extensive representation of the peripheral visual field with very large receptive fields, little eccentricity dependence, low stimulus selectivity, and short latency responses to very fast stimuli in human (Mikellidou et al, 2017) and marmoset (Yu et al, 2012).…”

“…The spatial regressors were defined solely within the confines of V1 (whose boundaries were mapped by a separate process) and then used to identify visuotopically organized higher visual areas based on multiple linear regressions (first a spatial multiple regression of the regressors into V1 resting state fMRI data to generate V1 timeseries for each regressor and then a temporal regression of these V1 timeseries into all of the resting state fMRI data, thereby producing spatial maps with information outside the confines of V1 - see Supplementary Methods Figure 9 in (Glasser et al, 2016)). The results of each spatial regressor represent the partial functional connectivity of that regressor to the rest of the brain while controlling for the other regressors (partial correlation functional connectivity is thought to better represent direct anatomical connectivity than does full correlation functional connectivity (Smith, 2021). For a parcellated analyses of full-rank partial correlation functional connectivity between auditory cortex and all other areas in the HCP_MMP1.0 180-area-per-hemisphere parcellation (Glasser et al, 2016) we used data from the 449 HCP-YA subjects that were previously published in (Glasser et al, 2018).…”

Cortical Mechanisms of Multisensory Linear Self-motion Perception

“…Similarly, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) also contains robust vestibular signals, while its optic flow signals are much weaker [64], although studies based on imaging do reveal significant optic flow signals in this region (for review, see ref. [65]). Therefore, the PIVC and PCC can be classified as vestibular-dominant areas.…”

Understanding structure–function relationships in the mammalian visual system: part one

“…In the first of these, Pitzalis et al (2021) evaluate the optic flow selectivity of areas in the macaque parieto-occipital sulcus, including V6, by contrasting the responses obtained with two commonly used types of stimuli (coherently moving dot fields, versus expanding and contracting ring patterns). Smith (2021) takes the topic of optic flow analysis to another stage of hierarchical processing, in a review of the response properties, connectivity and function of the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv), integrating data obtained in both humans and macaques.…”