Cortical Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Frontalis Muscle: Characteristic Features and Details on Motor-Evoked Potentials of the Forehead

Rödel, R.; Laskawi, R.; Markus, Holger; Wenke, Karin

doi:10.1159/000055712

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the literature, a forehead motor representation has been found in primary motor cortex. In accordance with previous data,19, 20 we show that voluntary forehead movements are present in the Rolandic region but also in the ACA territory. What is more puzzling is the presence of mouth closure weakness in ACA infarction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Central facial palsy revisited: A clinical‐radiological study

Cattaneo

Saccani

Giampaulis

et al. 2010

Annals of Neurology

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We investigated the pattern of volitional facial motor deficits in acute stroke patients. We assessed the strength of single facial movements and correlated it to the site of infarct classified on computed tomography scans. Exclusion criteria were previous stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and subcortical stroke. Results showed that weakness in eyelid closure was associated with anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke. Weakness in lip opening was associated with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. We suggest that sparing of upper facial movements in MCA stroke is due to the presence of an upper face motor representation in both the MCA and ACA territories.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Central facial palsy revisited: A clinical‐radiological study

Cattaneo

Saccani

Giampaulis

et al. 2010

Annals of Neurology

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“…These results were then compared with those obtained on lower lip muscles in another series of normal subjects. 12 , 14 In accordance with our previous investigations, [12][13][14] the present study was focused on quantification of the tongue-associated cortical representation area along the interauralline, because the 2-dimensional cortical mapping procedures that are usually performed may be time-consuming and inconvenient, both for healthy volunteers and patients. Furthermore, animal studies'> suggested that cortical changes after facial nerve lesions occur predominantly in a mediolateral direction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

Tongue Representation in the Lateral Cortical Motor Region of the Human Brain as Assessed by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Rödel¹,

Laskawi²,

Markus³

2003

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol

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Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the lingual muscles elicited by focal cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a figure 8-shaped coil were investigated in 17 healthy subjects with special regard to amplitude and onset latency as a function of the coil position on the head surface. Bilateral reproducible responses could be observed at coil positions mostly varying from approximately 6 to 13 cm lateral to the vertex. During moderate muscle activation, maximum responses were obtained at a mean stimulus position of about 11 cm lateral and 3 cm anterior to the vertex with similar onset latencies, but with significantly higher amplitudes on the contralateral side (3.5 +/- 1.9 mV, 9.5 +/- 1.1 ms contralateral; 2.6 +/- 1.5 mV, 9.7 +/-1.0 ms ipsilateral). Comparing our data on the orbicularis oculi muscle with the results obtained on lower lip muscles, we found a considerable overlap of those coil positions from which reproducible MEPs could be elicited in both groups of target muscles, but the lingual area was placed more laterally. Thus, a statistically significant separation of the cortical representation areas of lingual and lower lip mimetic muscles is possible by focal cortical TMS, reflecting somatotopic organization of the face-associated motor cortex.

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“…2). Previous TMS studies recording from upper facial muscles have found ipsilateral responses not only in the OOc muscle, which may have been contaminated with an R1 response, but also in the frontalis and lower face muscles, which do not participate in the blink reflex (Meyer et al 1989; Rodel et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representation of facial muscles in human motor cortex

Paradiso

Cunic

Gunraj

et al. 2005

The Journal of Physiology

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Whether there is a projection from the primary motor cortex (M1) to upper facial muscles and how the facial M1 area is modulated by intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory circuits remains controversial. To assess these issues, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the M1 and recorded from resting and active contralateral (C-OOc) and ipsilateral orbicularis oculi (I-OOc), and contralateral (C-Tr) and ipsilateral triangularis (I-Tr) muscles in 12 volunteers. In five subjects, the effects of stimulating at different scalp positions were assessed. Paired TMS at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 2 ms were used to elicit short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and ISI of 10 ms for intracortical facilitation (ICF). Long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) was evaluated at ISIs between 50 and 200 ms, both at rest and during muscle activation. The silent period (SP) was also determined. C-OOc and I-OOc responses were recorded in all subjects. The optimal position for eliciting C-OOc responses was lateral to the hand representation in all subjects and MEP amplitude markedly diminished when the coil was placed 2 cm away from the optimal position. For the I-OOc, responses were present in more scalp sites and the latency decreased with more anterior placement of the coil. C-Tr response was recorded in 10 out of 12 subjects and the I-Tr muscle showed either no response or low amplitude response, probably due to volume conduction. SICI and ICF were present in the C-OOc and C-Tr, but not in the I-OOc muscle. Muscle activation attenuated SICI and ICF. LICI at rest showed facilitation at 50 ms ISI in all muscles, but there was no significant inhibition at other ISIs. There was no significant inhibition or facilitation with the LICI protocol during muscle contraction. The SP was present in the C-OOc, C-Tr and I-OOc muscles and the mean durations ranged from 92 to 104 ms. These findings suggest that the I-OOc muscle response is probably related to the first component (R1) of the blink reflex. There is M1 projection to the contralateral upper and lower facial muscles in humans and the facial M1 area is susceptible to cortical inhibition and facilitation, similar to limb muscles.

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Cortical Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Frontalis Muscle: Characteristic Features and Details on Motor-Evoked Potentials of the Forehead

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Central facial palsy revisited: A clinical‐radiological study

Central facial palsy revisited: A clinical‐radiological study

Tongue Representation in the Lateral Cortical Motor Region of the Human Brain as Assessed by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Representation of facial muscles in human motor cortex

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