Cortical morphometric changes after spinal cord injury

Continuous infusion of an agonist of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 in the spinal cord improves recovery after traumatic contusive injury

“…Infusion with EHD2‐sc‐mTNF R2 increased the probability of an evoked response having a larger amplitude and a longer latency following hindlimb stimulation, which may be explained by enhanced connectivity due to sprouting and an increased number of synapses for the signal to cross. Cortical reorganization following spinal cord injury can be associated with increased pain . However, TNFR2 activation can stimulate the expansion of the population of T‐regulatory cells, which can alleviate pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis .…”

“…Cortical reorganization following spinal cord injury can be associated with increased pain. 32 However, TNFR2 activation can stimulate the expansion of the population of T-regulatory cells, 33,34 which can alleviate pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 35 T-regulatory cells are also neuroprotective and can favor myelination in the CNS.…”

Disentangling the Effects of Spinal Cord Injury and Related Neuropathic Pain on Supraspinal Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review on Neuroimaging

“…Therefore, the overall effects of SCI on the brain may be overlooked. Indeed, previous studies have shown longitudinal structural changes within sensorimotor regions and white matter pathways (91,92) and microstructural and rsFC changes [see reviews and meta-analysis: (44)(45)(46)(47)]. Second, we excluded task-based functional results that may reflect the cortical reorganization due to the presence of NP following SCI, and indeed, the direction of functional reorganization and its correlation to pain can be debated after deafferentation, i.e., in phantom-limb and SCI (20,21,71,76,77).…”

“…To date, recent reviews and a meta-analysis have summarized the cortical alterations, alongside metabolite and functional changes after SCI [for reviews and meta-analysis, see (44)(45)(46)(47)]. In addition, two reviews summarized the impact of deafferentation and chronic pain upon brain reorganization reported with taskbased fMRI in animal and human studies (20,48).…”

Regional estimates of cortical thickness in brain areas involved in control of surgically restored limb movement in patients with tetraplegia

“…1 Neuroimaging studies suggest that spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause significant anatomical alterations in cerebral cortical structures controlling motor output, and subsequent functional reorganization. [2][3][4][5] Long-term disruption of motor efferents and sensory afferents that occurs after SCI may result in permanent atrophic changes. 2,6 However, in a recent systematic review it is concluded that previous structural neuroimaging studies exploring SCI-related anatomical changes have demonstrated various and partly divergent findings.…”