Cortical injury impairs contralateral forelimb immobility during swimming: a simple test for loss of inhibitory motor control

Stoltz, Steven; Humm, J. Leigh; Schallert, Timothy

doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00100-x

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Others, for example, include forelimb reaching ability, 32,54 -57 tongue extension capacity, 58 forelimb inhibition during swimming, 59,60 postural asymmetry when suspended upside down, 6,61 and grid walking. 10 Meaningful beneficial treatments for stroke may require large functional improvements across a broad range of behavioral tests.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral tests for preclinical intervention assessment

Schallert

2006

NeuroRX

220

172

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Summary: Select functional outcome tests commonly used for evaluating sensorimotor and cognitive capacity in rodents with focal intracerebral ischemic or hemorrhagic injury are described, along with upgrades and issues of concern for translational research. An emphasis is placed on careful quantitative and qualitative assessment of acute and long-term behavioral deficits, and on avoidance of frequent pitfalls. Methods for detecting different degrees of injury and treatment-related improvements are included. Determining the true potential of an intervention requires a set of behavioral analyses that can monitor compensatory learning. In a number of preclinical outcome tests, animals can develop remarkably effective "tricks" that are difficult to detect but frequently lead to dramatic improvements in performance, particularly with repeated practice. However, some interventions may facilitate learning without promoting brain repair, but these may not translate into a meaningful level of benefit in the clinic. Additionally, it is important to determine whether there are any preinjury functional asymmetries in order to accurately assess damage-related changes in behavior. This is illustrated by the fact that some animals have chronic endogenous asymmetries and that others, albeit infrequently, can sustain a spontaneous cerebral stroke, without any experimental induction, that can lead to chronic deficits as reflected by behavioral, imaging, and histological analyses. Finally, a useful new modification of the water maze that involves moving the platform from trial to trial within the target quadrant is reviewed, and its advantages over the standard version are discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral tests for preclinical intervention assessment

Schallert

2006

NeuroRX

220

172

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“…If so, it is surprisingly reproducible between animals and over time. Stoltz and colleagues studied cortical injuries and suggested that the unilateral forelimb strokes they observed after contralateral cortical injury is due to loss of cortical inhibition [24]. It is unlikely that this is the case also after SCI, since cortical inhibition is probably not involved in triggering the forelimb movements that appear after low thoracic SCI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sensitive and reliable test instrument to assess swimming in rats with spinal cord injury

Åkesson

Holmberg

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Early training in food pellet retrieval tasks does not exacerbate cortical damage after focal stroke in primates and appears to promote reorganization of relevant cortical representation areas. 37,38 Stoltz et al 39 have shown that 5 minutes of swimming each day beginning 5 days after electrolytic lesions of the FL-SMC has no adverse effect on either lesion size or functional outcome in rats. Forced exercise on a running wheel during the early postlesion period led to improvements in functional outcome after focal cortical lesions and no change in lesion volume.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Exclusive Use of the Affected Forelimb After Moderate Transient Focal Ischemia in Rats

Bland

Schallert

Strong

et al. 2000

Stroke

172

102

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Background and Purpose-Previous work by researchers in our laboratory has shown that in the rat, the exclusive use of the affected forelimb during an early critical period exaggerates lesion volume and retards functional recovery after electrolytic lesions of the forelimb sensorimotor cortex. In the present study, we examined the effects of exclusive use of the affected forelimb after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods-Ischemia of moderate severity was produced in male Long-Evans rats through 45 minutes of occlusion of the left middle cerebral and both common carotid arteries. Exclusive use of either the affected or unaffected forelimb was forced through immobilization of either the ipsilateral (MCAOϩipsi) or contralateral (MCAOϩcontra) forelimb, respectively, for 10 days in a plaster cast, or the animal was left uncasted (MCAOϩnocast). Sham surgeries were performed, and animals were also casted for 10 days or left uncasted. Sensorimotor testing was performed during days 17 to 38. At the end of sensorimotor testing, cognitive performance was tested with use of the Morris water maze. In a separate experiment, temperatures and corticosterone levels were measured during the 10-day period after 45-minute ischemia and casting. Results-The MCAOϩipsi group performed worse on sensorimotor tasks than the MCAOϩcontra, MCAOϩnocast, and sham groups. Infarct volume was significantly larger in the MCAOϩipsi group than in the sham and MCAOϩcontra groups but not in the MCAOϩnocast group. No group differences were found with the Morris water maze, and no group differences were found in either temperature or plasma corticosterone level. Conclusions-The exclusive use of the affected forelimb immediately after focal ischemia has detrimental effects on sensorimotor function that cannot be attributed to hyperthermia or stress.

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Cortical injury impairs contralateral forelimb immobility during swimming: a simple test for loss of inhibitory motor control

Cited by 32 publications

References 28 publications

Behavioral tests for preclinical intervention assessment

Behavioral tests for preclinical intervention assessment

A sensitive and reliable test instrument to assess swimming in rats with spinal cord injury

Early Exclusive Use of the Affected Forelimb After Moderate Transient Focal Ischemia in Rats

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