Cortical gray matter loss in schizophrenia: Could microglia be the culprit?

Rački, Valentino; Petrić, Daniela; Kučić, Natalia; Gržeta, Nika; Jurdana, Kristina; Rončević-Gržeta, Ika

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.021

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Another important role in psychiatric disorders is carried out by alterations in the BBB's alterations [253]. This mechanism has been pointed out in schizophrenia and related psychoses [254][255][256][257]. Loss of BBB integrity precedes the rise of NADPH oxidase 2 levels (alias cytochrome b-245, encoded by CYBA and CYBB genes) in the prefrontal cortex of an animal model.…”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases

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et al. 2020

IJMS

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The intricate relationships between innate immunity and brain diseases raise increased interest across the wide spectrum of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier, and innate immunity cells such as microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, and mast cells are involved in triggering disease events in these groups, through the action of many different cytokines. Chronic inflammation can lead to dysfunctions in large-scale brain networks. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, are associated with a substrate of dysregulated immune responses that impair the central nervous system balance. Recent evidence suggests that similar phenomena are involved in psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The present review summarizes and discusses the main evidence linking the innate immunological response in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, thus providing insights into how the responses of innate immunity represent a common denominator between diseases belonging to the neurological and psychiatric sphere. Improved knowledge of such immunological aspects could provide the framework for the future development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

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Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases

Novellino

Saccà

Donato

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…For instance, excessive synaptic pruning during adolescence is one of the hypothesized mechanisms for schizophrenia, which most commonly manifests with an onset in late adolescence or early-adulthood. 24 - 26 The term “synaptopathy” is applied to refer to all diseases that are characterized by a progressive synaptic dysfunction and loss. 20 AD, the most common neurodegenerative disease, can be therefore considered both a synaptopathy and a proteinopathy.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Synaptic Dysfunction and Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Biomarkers for Synaptic Dysfunction and Loss

et al. 2020

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Synapses are the site for brain communication where information is transmitted between neurons and stored for memory formation. Synaptic degeneration is a global and early pathogenic event in neurodegenerative disorders with reduced levels of pre- and postsynaptic proteins being recognized as a core feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology. Together with AD, other neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders show altered synaptic homeostasis as an important pathogenic event, and due to that, they are commonly referred to as synaptopathies. The exact mechanisms of synapse dysfunction in the different diseases are not well understood and their study would help understanding the pathogenic role of synaptic degeneration, as well as differences and commonalities among them and highlight candidate synaptic biomarkers for specific disorders. The assessment of synaptic proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can reflect synaptic dysfunction in patients with cognitive disorders, is a keen area of interest. Substantial research efforts are now directed toward the investigation of CSF synaptic pathology to improve the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders at an early stage as well as to monitor clinical progression. In this review, we will first summarize the pathological events that lead to synapse loss and then discuss the available data on established (eg, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin-1, GAP-43, and α-syn) and emerging (eg, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A and neuronal pentraxins) CSF biomarkers for synapse dysfunction, while highlighting possible utilities, disease specificity, and technical challenges for their detection.

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“…This is an illness with an unclear cause but the theories have suggested that demyelination of white matter is the etiology of schizophrenia 28 . Some of the morphological brain anomalies perceived in schizophrenia patients includes loss of cortical gray matter 29 the minimized hippocampal volume, the amygdala, temporal, frontal lobes and enlarged ventricular regions 30 . Schizophrenic pathophysiology involve reduced availability of ATP followed by mitochondrial dysfunction diminishing the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase maintaining the membrane potential leading to prolonged depolarization and increasing receptors activity by exuding magnesium from the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) 31 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disorders

et al. 2018

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Neurodegenerative diseases are conventionally demarcated as disorders with selective loss of neurons. Conventional as well as newer molecules have been tested but they offer just symptomatic advantages along with abundant side effects. The discovery of more compelling molecules that can halt the pathology of these diseases will be considered as a miracle of present time. Several synthetic compounds are available but they may cause several other health issues. Therefore, natural molecules from the plants and other sources are being discovered to replace available medicines. In conventional medicational therapies, several plants have been reported to bestow remedial effects. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants can provide a better and safer alternative to synthetic molecules. Many phytochemicals have been identified that cure the human body from a number of diseases. The present article reviews the potential efficacy of plant-derived alkaloids, which possess potential therapeutic effects against several NDDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Epilepsy, Schizophrenia, and stroke. Alkaloids include isoquinoline, indole, pyrroloindole, oxindole, piperidine, pyridine, aporphine, vinca, β-carboline, methylxanthene, lycopodium, and erythrine byproducts. Alkaloids constitute positive roles in ameliorating pathophysiology of these illnesses by functioning as muscarinic and adenosine receptors agonists, anti-oxidant, anti-amyloid and MAO inhibitors, acetylcholinestrase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic and nicotine agonist, and NMDA antagonist.

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Cortical gray matter loss in schizophrenia: Could microglia be the culprit?

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases

Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases

Fluid Biomarkers for Synaptic Dysfunction and Loss

Role of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disorders

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