Cortical and subcortical connections within the pedunculopontine nucleus of the primate Macaca mulatta determined using probabilistic diffusion tractography

Aravamuthan, Bhooma R.; McNab, Jennifer A.; Miller, Karla L.; Rushworth, Matthew; Jenkinson, Ned; Stein, John; Aziz, Tipu Z.

doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.03.018

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In addition, electrophysiological recording during deep brain stimulation (DBS) in PD patients have shown that individual dorsal PPN neurons increase their firing rates with increased stepping frequency (Piallat et al, 2009). A direct monosynaptic pathway linking CN/PPN and motor cortices has been demonstrated in monkeys using tract tracing and diffusion tensor imaging (Aravamuthan et al, , 2009Muthusamy et al, 2007). Our finding supports the idea that this part of the MLR controls motor aspects of gait in humans and could help to target the lateral mesencephalus for DBS in PD patients with gait disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Parcellation of the Lateral Mesencephalus

Karachi¹,

André²,

Bertasi³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), which includes the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the cuneiform nucleus (CN), has been recently identified as a key structure for locomotion and gait control in mammals. However, the function and the precise anatomy of the MLR remain unclear in humans. To study the lateral mesencephalus, we used fMRI in 15 right-handed healthy volunteers performing two tasks: imagine walking in a hallway and imagine an object moving along the same hallway. Both tasks were performed at two different speeds: normal and 30% faster. We identified two distinct networks of cortical activation: one involving motor/premotor cortices and the cerebellum for the walking task and the other involving posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices for the object moving task. In the lateral mesencephalus, we found that two different but anatomically connected parts of the MLR were activated during the fast condition of each task. The CN and the dorsal part of the PPN were activated during the fast imaginary walking task, whereas the ventral part of the PPN and the ventral part of the reticular formation were activated while subjects were imagining the object moving fast. Our data suggest that the lateral mesencephalus participates in different aspects of gait in humans, with the CN and dorsal PPN controlling motor aspects of locomotion and the ventral PPN being involved in integrating sensory information.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Parcellation of the Lateral Mesencephalus

Karachi¹,

André²,

Bertasi³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…The brainstem structures they described may correspond to brainstem structures for smooth pursuit eye movements (Mustari et al, 2009) and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN, Benarroch, 2013; Gut and Winn, 2016). Both structures are connected with the cerebral neocortex in primates (Matsumura et al, 2000; Aravamuthan et al, 2007, 2009; Mustari et al, 2009). The most likely explanation for the findings of Ocaña et al (2015) would be that the part of the lateral pallium (dorsolateral pallium) which hosts the cell bodies of pallio-pretecto-midbrain neurons develops into the frontal motor cortex in primates.…”

Section: Evolution To the Human Forebrainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness: The Evolution of the Amygdalar-Hippocampal-Habenular Connectivity in Vertebrates

Loonen

Ivanova

2016

Front. Neurosci.

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Appetitive-searching (reward-seeking) and distress-avoiding (misery-fleeing) behavior are essential for all free moving animals to stay alive and to have offspring. Therefore, even the oldest ocean-dwelling animal creatures, living about 560 million years ago and human ancestors, must have been capable of generating these behaviors. The current article describes the evolution of the forebrain with special reference to the development of the misery-fleeing system. Although, the earliest vertebrate ancestor already possessed a dorsal pallium, which corresponds to the human neocortex, the structure and function of the neocortex was acquired quite recently within the mammalian evolutionary line. Up to, and including, amphibians, the dorsal pallium can be considered to be an extension of the medial pallium, which later develops into the hippocampus. The ventral and lateral pallium largely go up into the corticoid part of the amygdala. The striatopallidum of these early vertebrates becomes extended amygdala, consisting of centromedial amygdala (striatum) connected with the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pallidum). This amygdaloid system gives output to hypothalamus and brainstem, but also a connection with the cerebral cortex exists, which in part was created after the development of the more recent cerebral neocortex. Apart from bidirectional connectivity with the hippocampal complex, this route can also be considered to be an output channel as the fornix connects the hippocampus with the medial septum, which is the most important input structure of the medial habenula. The medial habenula regulates the activity of midbrain structures adjusting the intensity of the misery-fleeing response. Within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis the human homolog of the ancient lateral habenula-projecting globus pallidus may exist; this structure is important for the evaluation of efficacy of the reward-seeking response. The described organization offers a framework for the regulation of the stress response, including the medial habenula and the subgenual cingulate cortex, in which dysfunction may explain the major symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders.

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“…In some patients, PPN DBS reduces gait and freezing problems unresponsive to drug and conventional stimulation approaches directed at subthalamic and pallidal targets, reduces falls and occasionally improves patients' state of vigilance and quality of sleep (Pereira et al, 2008;Ferraye et al, 2010). The magnitude of the effects, the exact location of the stimulation electrode and best technique of implantation of DBS leads into this nucleus are still being debated (Aravamuthan et al, 2007(Aravamuthan et al, , 2008(Aravamuthan et al, , 2009Weinberger et al, 2008;Fu et al, 2009;Shimamoto et al, 2010). There have also been several small experimental trials of extradural motor cortex stimulation in human patients (Benvenuti et al, 2006;Strafella et al, 2007;Cilia et al, 2007Cilia et al, , 2008Arle et al, 2008;Lefaucheur, 2009;Pagni et al, 2008).…”

Section: New Targets For Dbs In Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

Smith

Wichmann

Factor

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

194

137

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The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD therapeutics. This review will discuss the significant progress that has been made in the development of new pharmacological and surgical tools to treat PD motor symptoms since this major breakthrough in the 1960s. However, we will also highlight some of the challenges the field of PD therapeutics has been struggling with during the past decades. The lack of neuroprotective therapies and the limited treatment strategies for the nonmotor symptoms of the disease (ie, cognitive impairments, autonomic dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, etc.) are among the most pressing issues to be addressed in the years to come. It appears that the combination of early PD nonmotor symptoms with imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system offers a promising path toward the identification of PD biomarkers, which, once characterized, will set the stage for efficient use of neuroprotective agents that could slow down and alter the course of the disease.

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Cortical and subcortical connections within the pedunculopontine nucleus of the primate Macaca mulatta determined using probabilistic diffusion tractography

Cited by 33 publications

References 51 publications

Functional Parcellation of the Lateral Mesencephalus

Functional Parcellation of the Lateral Mesencephalus

Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness: The Evolution of the Amygdalar-Hippocampal-Habenular Connectivity in Vertebrates

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

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