“Corruption Is Us”: Tackling Corruption by Examining the Interplay Between Formal Rules and Informal Norms Within the Russian Construction Industry

Abstract

This article deals with the problem of tackling corruption within the Russian construction industry. It examines the interplay between formal anti-corruption rules and extensive informal norms that have become institutionalized within the Russian construction sector as well as the broader Russian society, especially when it comes to interaction with state officials. The article concludes that commitment and cooperation of a multitude of actors, leading to reduced reliance on informal rules and norms and an anti-corruption ethos that permeates all levels of interactions (i.e., citizen/state, business/state, business/business, citizen/citizen, and state official/state official) are key when it comes to corruption reduction.

Return of State Losses in Corruption through Confiscation of Assets Based on Justice (Indonesian Perspective)

“…[10] Fifth, the fines have been imposed on the perpetrators are considered insufficient to deter a criminal act. [11] Sixth, the confiscation of assets serves to warn those who want to commit crimes. [12] The recovery asset is a series of processes or stages starting from collecting information or intelligence materials, evidence and tracking of assets, freezing of assets and confiscation of assets, court proceedings, implementation of court decisions or decisions, and assets return.…”