“…Consistent with theory, the empirical literature shows that corruption has a negative effect on the stringency of environmental and energy policies, increases deforestation and air pollution, limits the access to public goods such as drinking water and sanitation, decreases natural capital, and affects Kyoto Protocol ratification (see, e.g., Fredriksson and Svensson, 2003;Damania et al, 2003;Fredriksson et al, 2004Fredriksson et al, , 2007Welsch, 2004;Barbier et al, 2005;Cole, 2007;Anbarci et al, 2009;Barbier, 2010;Leitão, 2010;Ivanova, 2011;Biswas et al, 2012). 1 Burgess et al (2012) provide evidence of short run substitution between different forms of government corruption in Indonesia, in particular illegal deforestation and oil and gas revenue sharing.…”