Corruption

Abstract

Corrupt activities by individuals, organizations, and larger social systems around the world cost businesses, countries, and their citizens, hundreds of millions of dollars in lost revenues, opportunities, and other social benefits every year. As such, the causes and consequences of corruption, and appropriate responses to regulate it, are major concerns of lawmakers, policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and the judicial system. Although corruption is not a new phenomenon, with pre‐Biblical concerns evident in the early writings of Western philosophers, it has become an increasingly high priority in the modern age of a global economy, advancing technology, diminishing natural resources, unstable governments, and unpredictable financial markets.