Corrosive Properties Prediction from Olive Byproducts Solid Biofuel by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Biofuel characterization constitutes a substantial improvement in the valorization of this resource and allows a rational and controlled use of its energy potential. Corrosion and slagging are primary concerns of solid biofuels; the occurrence and extent of these phenomena depend significantly on the concentration of chlorine in the solid biofuel and the presence of elements such as potassium, sulfur, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, or silicon. Solid biofuels quality parameters are being determined by official methods established by the European Standard Technology Committee. Nevertheless, their implementation in the bioenergetic industry is scarce because these methods are expensive, tedious, and time-consuming. Therefore, a faster, more reliable, and cheaper analytical technique is mandatory in order to detect high concentrations of these parameters and avoid subsequent damages in heat exchanging surfaces. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an eligible technique due to its high response speed, low cost per sample, absence of sample preparation, and versatility for the analysis of many different products and parameters. In this work, 250 samples of olive stone, olive tree pruning and dry depleted olive pomace, known also as "orujillo", have been collected, and NIR prediction model for determination of parameters such as chlorine, sulfur, and potassium have been obtained and evaluated. Correlation between actual and predicted values (R 2 ) was used to test the performance of calibrations. Practical utility of the validation models were assessed using the ratio of standard error of prediction to standard deviation of the reference data (RPD). High accuracy in prediction for a test set has been achieved for chlorine, sulfur, and potassium content (R 2 > 0.9 and RPD > 3), and standard error of prediction (SEP) values obtained in external validation with 53 independent samples are 129 mg kg −1 and 0.008% for chlorine and sulfur, respectively. This study illustrates the possibility of implementing the NIR technique in combination with multivariate data analysis to predict corrosive elements from olive byproducts in an economical and fast way.

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the prediction of chemical composition in walnut kernel

“…The most prominent attributes that affect the NIRS include the C-H stretching overtone related to fat, O-H stretching overtone associated to water, and N-H stretching overtone originating from amides and amines related to the proteins. [31,34] The absorption peaks of spectra shown in Fig. 1a are related to the main components of walnut kernel.…”

New techniques developed to quantify the impurities of olive stone as solid biofuel

“…Studies have also shown the high potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict other solid biofuels parameters such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [22e24], or parameters such as moisture, ash content, calorific value, chlorine and sulfur in olive stone residues [25,26].…”

Analytical Methods for the Rapid Determination of Solid Biofuel Quality

“…Pitak et al investigated the possibility of determining C, H, and N via line‐scan near‐infrared (NIR) hyperspectral image technology 100, whereas Mata‐Sanchez et al used NIR to detect Cl, S, and K 101. Furthermore, FTIR coupled with partial least‐squares regression is used to determine the chemical elements like K, Ca, Mg, S, and Si in the study of Edmunds et al 102.…”