“…Due to the high concentrations of CaO, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , MgO, etc., in fly ash, several researchers have studied the utilization and recovery of MSWI fly ash to prevent adverse environmental risks, including its utilization as a raw material for tile manufacturing and as a substitute for ordinary sand in concrete [11][12][13][14]. In previous studies, coal-fired fly ash and MWSI bottom ash have been studied for their potential use in concrete, road pavement, ceramics, and so on [15][16][17][18][19][20]. When MSWI fly ash is added to cement-based products, to meet the technical and environmental requirements, such as enough strength, durability performance, and leaching limits of heavy metals from the products, pre-treatment is necessary to reduce the leaching of hazardous components [21,22].…”