Corrosion Performance of Commercial Alloys and Refractory Metals in Conditions for Electrorefining of Spent Nuclear Fuels

Abstract

Molten LiCl-KCl salt and liquid cadmium are proposed as the electrolyte and the reactive cathode for the electrorefining of spent nuclear fuels, but they can be corrosive to the structural alloys. The down-selection of existing materials through corrosion testing is necessary to ensure the longevity of the electrorefiner vessel and electrode assemblies. Haynes C276, Inconel 600, AISI 316L stainless steel, and 42CrMo low-alloy steel were exposed to a LiCl-KCl melt at 500 °C for 500 h in an argon atmosphere. All alloys suffered from dissolution attacks with the presence of oxide islands or a porous oxide layer on the surface. AISI 316L, T91 steel, and tungsten specimens were submitted to corrosion tests in liquid cadmium at 500 °C for 120 h. The corrosion of AISI 316L and T91 stainless steel was predominated by chemical oxidation, with the additional occurrence of severe Ni dealloying and Cd penetration on AISI 316L. Destabilization of the Cr oxide layer by cadmium was discovered, resulting in the formation of CdCrO4. Tungsten only suffered from a dissolution attack at a rate of 0.50 mm/a.

Advancements and Perspectives in Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten Alloys and Composites: Challenges and Solutions

“…Additionally, its impressive thermal conductivity, surpassing 150 W/m⋅K [26], exceptional resistance to heat and wear [27], notable chemical stability, and remarkable hardness [27] make it suitable for high-temperature and radiation-resilient applications. Examples of its applications include collimators, heat sinks [28], integrated circuits [29,30], switch contacts [31], rocket nozzles [29,32], turbine blades [29], and nuclear reactor parts [29,33]. However, harnessing the full potential of refractory alloys, particularly those of W, has been challenging owing to their complex metallurgical behavior and high melting points [34].…”