Corrosion of mild steel in an alternating oxic and anoxic biofilm system

Nielsen, Per Halkjær; Lee, Whonchee; Lewandowski, Zbigniew; Morison, Mike; Characklis, William G.

doi:10.1080/08927019309386259

Cited by 47 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(38 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, iron sulfides are inherently unstable and their disruption can give rise to corrosion cells between the iron sulfide in direct electrical contact with the underlying steel (cathode) and the exposed-steel surface (anode). Several investigators have demonstrated maximum corrosion SRB corrosion in the presence of 8,9,15,17 oxygen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Carbon Steel Corrosion under Stagnant Seawater Conditions

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Carbon Steel Corrosion under Stagnant Seawater Conditions

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…However, there are particular situations in which SRB-induced biocorrosion can be further exacerbated. Ingress of molecular oxygen (32)(33)(34)51) into previously anoxic systems can lead to the formation of highly corrosive sulfur species from the partial oxidation of dissolved H 2 S and biogenic FeS deposits at steel surfaces (123)(124)(125). This can even further impair metals that have already been damaged by SRB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion of Iron by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: New Views of an Old Problem

Enning

Garrelfs

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

664

414

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

About a century ago, researchers first recognized a connection between the activity of environmental microorganisms and cases of anaerobic iron corrosion. Since then, such microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) has gained prominence and its technical and economic implications are now widely recognized. Under anoxic conditions (e.g., in oil and gas pipelines), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are commonly considered the main culprits of MIC. This perception largely stems from three recurrent observations. First, anoxic sulfate-rich environments (e.g., anoxic seawater) are particularly corrosive. Second, SRB and their characteristic corrosion product iron sulfide are ubiquitously associated with anaerobic corrosion damage, and third, no other physiological group produces comparably severe corrosion damage in laboratory-grown pure cultures. However, there remain many open questions as to the underlying mechanisms and their relative contributions to corrosion. On the one hand, SRB damage iron constructions indirectly through a corrosive chemical agent, hydrogen sulfide, formed by the organisms as a dissimilatory product from sulfate reduction with organic compounds or hydrogen ("chemical microbially influenced corrosion"; CMIC). On the other hand, certain SRB can also attack iron via withdrawal of electrons ("electrical microbially influenced corrosion"; EMIC), viz., directly by metabolic coupling. Corrosion of iron by SRB is typically associated with the formation of iron sulfides (FeS) which, paradoxically, may reduce corrosion in some cases while they increase it in others. This brief review traces the historical twists in the perception of SRB-induced corrosion, considering the presently most plausible explanations as well as possible early misconceptions in the understanding of severe corrosion in anoxic, sulfate-rich environments. E ver since its first production roughly 4,000 years ago, iron has played a central role in human society due to its excellent mechanical properties and the abundance of its ores. Today, iron is used in much larger quantities than any other metallic material (1) and is indispensable in infrastructure, transportation, and manufacturing. A major drawback is the susceptibility of iron to corrosion. Corrosion of iron and other metals causes enormous economic damage. Across all industrial sectors, the inferred costs of metal corrosion have been estimated to range between 2% and 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in developed countries (2, 3). These costs are to a large extent caused by corrosion of iron, due to its abundant use and particular susceptibility to oxidative damage. Estimates of the costs attributable to biocorrosion of iron lack a computed basis so that they vary widely, and definite numbers cannot be given with certainty. Still, microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) probably accounts for a significant fraction of the total costs (4-7), and, due to its effects on important infrastructure in the energy industry (such as oil and gas pipelines), costs in the range of billions of...

show abstract

“…Elemental sulfur (S 0 ), acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) (H 2 S, HS Ϫ , S 2Ϫ , and FeS), and chromium-reducible sulfide (CRS) (FeS 2 ) in the reactor effluents and in the biofilms from RDR1 and RDR2 were determined by the method described by Fossing and Jørgensen (10) and modified by Nielsen et al (23). Three biofilm samples were taken from each RDR at time intervals and were immediately subjected to measurement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Succession of Internal Sulfur Cycles and Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities in Microaerophilic Wastewater Biofilms

Okabe

Ito

Sugita

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The succession of sulfur-oxidizing bacterial (SOB) community structure and the complex internal sulfur cycle occurring in wastewater biofilms growing under microaerophilic conditions was analyzed by using a polyphasic approach that employed 16S rRNA gene-cloning analysis combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization, microelectrode measurements, and standard batch and reactor experiments. A complete sulfur cycle was established via S 0 accumulation within 80 days in the biofilms in replicate. This development was generally split into two phases, (i) a sulfur-accumulating phase and (ii) a sulfate-producing phase. In the first phase (until about 40 days), since the sulfide production rate (sulfate-reducing activity) exceeded the maximum sulfide-oxidizing capacity of SOB in the biofilms, H 2 S was only partially oxidized to S 0 by mainly Thiomicrospira denitirificans with NO 3 ؊ as an electron acceptor, leading to significant accumulation of S 0 in the biofilms. In the second phase, the SOB populations developed further and diversified with time. In particular, S 0 accumulation promoted the growth of a novel strain, strain SO07, which predominantly carried out the oxidation of S 0 to SO 4 2؊ under oxic conditions, and Thiothrix sp. strain CT3. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the dense populations of Thiothrix (ca. 10 9 cells cm ؊3 ) and strain SO07 (ca. 10 8 cells cm ؊3 ) were found at the sulfur-rich surface (100 m), while the population of Thiomicrospira denitirificans was distributed throughout the biofilms with a density of ca. 10 7 to 10 8 cells cm ؊3 . Microelectrode measurements revealed that active sulfide-oxidizing zones overlapped the spatial distributions of different phylogenetic SOB groups in the biofilms. As a consequence, the sulfide-oxidizing capacities of the biofilms became high enough to completely oxidize all H 2 S produced by SRB to SO 4 2؊ in the second phase, indicating establishment of the complete sulfur cycle in the biofilms.In wastewater biofilms, due to the relatively high organic input and low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, an internal sulfur cycle consisting of sulfate reduction and subsequent sulfide oxidation is an important process for carrying electrons from the deeper anoxic zone to the oxic surface zone. Consequently, the sulfur cycle could be responsible for mineralization of a substantial part of the organic matter and consumption of dissolved oxygen (19,25,34), which prevent the emission of odorous and toxic hydrogen sulfide gas from the biofilms.The reductive side of the sulfur cycle (i.e., sulfate reduction) occurs only biologically. Thus, the population dynamics, biodiversity, and in situ ecophysiology of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in wastewater biofilms have been extensively investigated by combining a 16S rRNA gene approach and microelectrode measurements (11,12,25,26,27,34). In contrast, the oxidative side of the sulfur cycle (i.e., sulfide oxidation) occurs both biologically and chemically. The chemical oxidation reaction is, however, rather s...

show abstract

Corrosion of mild steel in an alternating oxic and anoxic biofilm system

Cited by 47 publications

References 39 publications

An Evaluation of Carbon Steel Corrosion under Stagnant Seawater Conditions

An Evaluation of Carbon Steel Corrosion under Stagnant Seawater Conditions

Corrosion of Iron by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria: New Views of an Old Problem

Succession of Internal Sulfur Cycles and Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities in Microaerophilic Wastewater Biofilms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About