Corrosion of ancient Chinese bronze money trees studied by Raman microscopy

McCann, Lowell I.; Trentelman, K.; Possley, T.; Golding, B.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4555(199902)30:2<121::aid-jrs355>3.3.co;2-c

Cited by 23 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…It is not only able to distinguish copper carbonates, chlorides and sulfates from each other, but also gives a means to discriminate between sulfates themselves. The high-wavenumber region typical for water ¾3500 cm 1 and the SO 4 2 vibration ¾1000 cm 1 are particularly useful.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From Table 1 and Fig. 1, it is clear that the different compounds can be easily differentiated by means of their low-wavenumber spectra <600 cm 1 , but most of all by the SO 4 2 vibrations (around 900-1000 cm 1 ) and the region of water vibration, at higher wavenumbers 3100-3700 cm 1 . These two last regions will be used to differentiate between the various compounds.…”

Section: Databasementioning

confidence: 98%

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Micro‐Raman spectroscopy for the study of corrosion products on copper alloys: setting up of a reference database and studying works of art

Hayez

Guillaume

Hubin

et al. 2004

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis of different species of copper sulfates was carried out. Products such as antlerite, brochantite, posnjakite, langite and chalcanthite were investigated. These products are most likely to be formed as the result of atmospheric corrosion of copper alloys, e.g. bronze in sulfur-bearing environments. A database containing the characteristic Raman spectra was set up. This database was then used to investigate some specimens of copper alloy artefacts, that had been exposed to the atmosphere. It was shown to be possible to identify the nature of the corrosion products formed, using micro-Raman spectroscopy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Databasementioning

confidence: 98%

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy for the study of corrosion products on copper alloys: setting up of a reference database and studying works of art

Hayez

Guillaume

Hubin

et al. 2004

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…[20,22] The spectra of these associated minerals or substances of malachites may be used for identification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the Raman spectra of archaeological Malachites

Fang

Huang

2012

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Archaeological malachites, represented by the malachites found on the ancient Chinese and Vietnamese copper/bronze coins, may also incorporate those on other archaeological objects. The Raman spectra with Ar laser of these malachites differ slightly from those of the natural malachites found in mines. In this study, 120 measurements of the malachites on 40 coins identified 26 bands, while only around 18 of them are frequently observed. The wavenumbers (cm À1 ), shifts (AE)and relative intensities (in parentheses) of the 18 common bands read, respectively: 153AE4 (0-vs), 179AE7 (m-vs), 217AE8 (m-vs), 274AE7 (0-vs), 355AE5 (0-m), 431AE4 (0-vs), 514AE3 (0-m), 533AE5 (0-s), 566AE3 (0-m), 599AE2 (0-m), 718AE6 (0-m), 754AE2 (0-m), 1061AE7 (0-m), 1093AE10 (0-m), 1365AE9 (0-m), 1491AE7 (0-vs), 3321AE11 (0-vs) and 3380AE7 (0-vs).In comparison with those of the 105 measurements on the natural malachites in five mines, the Raman spectra of the archaeological malachites tend to show less bands, higher backgrounds and greater shifts in the wavenumber position. The weakening or loss of bands is in the order of the OH stretch (3300 cm À1 ) (most severe), CO 3 (600-1500 cm À1 ) and CuO (<600 cm À1 ) (less severe) groups, indicating successive stages of corrosion. The malachites on the coins from three climate zones show their own characteristics. Several coins may have experienced two or more climatic or geologic episodes and show complex Raman spectra different from those of the natural malachites.

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“…Since the pioneer work of Organ [1] on corrosion structure developed with copper-based alloys, numerous advances have been made to understand the material corrosion [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. However, most of the previous works were concerned with simulations using modern copper electrodes, which have limits in understanding the corrosion process and in building any specific preservation procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ethnographic copper corrosion

Souissi

Triki

2009

Materials & Corrosion

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Analytical and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the alteration of Tunisian ethnographic copper artefacts. Analytical results confirmed the existence of the bulk material in both objects constituting the ethnographic set. The bulk material was identified as a copper alloy with about 11% carbon content. The material was plated with a tin-based coating prior to use. Alteration characterization showed that corrosion is more severe at the bottom of the 'Kiskes' where the object was submitted to the hot steam. EN results reflected the interaction of the aggressive anion (Cl À ) with the passive layer and the condensation of cation vacancies. Three anodic peaks were evidenced in the polarization curve corresponding to the oxidation of Sn(II), Cu(0) and Cu(I). A hysteresis loop was detected in the reversed scan confirming surface pitting.

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Corrosion of ancient Chinese bronze money trees studied by Raman microscopy

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy for the study of corrosion products on copper alloys: setting up of a reference database and studying works of art

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy for the study of corrosion products on copper alloys: setting up of a reference database and studying works of art

Characteristics of the Raman spectra of archaeological Malachites

Characterization of ethnographic copper corrosion

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