Corrosion‐inhibiting properties of red lead—I. Pigment suspensions in aqueous solutions

A, Lindqvist S; Vannerberg, Nils-Gösta

doi:10.1002/maco.19740251008

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Thus, in this part of the bridge, after applying red lead, barium sulfate, plus a yellow azo pigment, a green paint (phthalocyanine blue and yellow azo pigment) was applied, and over it a dark-green one (phthalocyanine green),which was the colour that is visible currently. The use of red lead, currently banned due to its toxicity, was probably employed as antioxidant paint, following the rules in the second half of 20th century [ 22 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Techniques Applied to the Study of Industrial Archaeology Heritage: The Case of Plaiko Zubixe Footbridge

Costantini¹,

Castro²,

Madariaga³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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In this work, micro-Raman spectroscopy and micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-EDXRF) were applied on microsamples taken from the Plaiko Zubixe footbridge (1927) located in Ondarroa (Basque Country, Spain) in order to investigate the original paint coating and make an evaluation of the conservation state before its restoration. Elemental and molecular images were acquired for the study of the compounds distribution. Some modern pigments such as phthalocyanine blue and green pigments, minium, calcium carbonate, Prussian blue, and hematite were identified. Barium sulfate and titanium dioxide were recognized as opacifier agents. Thanks to the study of the stratigraphies, it has been possible to determine the original paint layer, which includes lead white, ultramarine blue, carbon black, and barium sulfate. In addition, colorimetric analyses made it possible to know the CIELab values of the original layer in order to reproduce the original colour during the planned restoration work. The massive presence of chlorine detected by µ-EDXRF and the corrosion products of the rust layer, in particular akaganeite and hematite, highlighted the atmospheric impact in the conservation of the bridge because they were due to the effect of both marine aerosol and to the presence of acidic components in the environment coming from anthropogenic activity. This work demonstrated the usefulness of a scientific approach for the study of industrial archaeology heritage with the aim to contribute to its conservation and restoration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Techniques Applied to the Study of Industrial Archaeology Heritage: The Case of Plaiko Zubixe Footbridge

Costantini¹,

Castro²,

Madariaga³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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“…Lead-based paints have been used extensively to protect iron, steel, and wooden constructions against deterioration (Binstock et al 2009;Lindqvist and Vannerberg 1974;Tharr 1996). This is associated with a potential release of heavy metals into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, little is known about the environmental risks associated with the widespread use of the leadbased anti-corrosion paint minium (Pb 3 O 4 ) that has been applied extensively to steel and iron constructions such as electricity pylons or bridges (Grunwaldt and Heigener 1974;Hebberling 1956;Lindqvist and Vannerberg 1974). In Germany, minium was extensively used as an anti-corrosion paint until the 1970s because no alternatives with comparable anticorrosion effects were available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Availability and Uptake of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Soils Contaminated with Anti-corrosion Paint from Pylons in Comparison to Heavy Metal Contaminated Urban Soils

Brokbartold

Wischermann

Marschner

2011

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Red lead (Pb 3 O 4 ) has been used extensively in the past as an anti-corrosion paint for the protection of steel constructions. Prominent examples being some of the 200,000 high-voltage pylons in Germany which have been treated with red lead anti-corrosion paints until about 1970. Through weathering and maintenance work, paint compounds and particles are deposited on the soils beneath these constructions. In the present study, six such "pylon soils" were investigated in order to characterize the plant availability and plant uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn. For comparison, three urban soils with similar levels of heavy metal contamination were included. One phase extractions with 1 M NH 4 NO 3 , sequential extractions (seven steps), and extractions at different soil pH were used to evaluate the heavy metal binding forms in the soil and availability to plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine heavy metal uptake by Lolium multiflorum and Lactuca sativa var. crispa in untreated and limed red lead paint contaminated soils. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in the pylon soils were elevated with maximum values of 783 mg Pb kg −1 and 635 Zn mg kg −1 while the soil Cd content was similar to nearby reference soils. The pylon soils were characterized by exceptionally high proportions of NH 4 NO 3 -extractable Pb reaching up to 17% of total Pb. Even if the relatively low pH of the soils is considered (pH 4.3-4.9), this appears to be a specific feature of the red lead contamination since similarly contaminated urban soils have to be acidified to pH 2.5 to achieve a similarly high Pb extractability. The Pb content in L. multiflorum shoots reached maximum values of 73 mg kg −1 after a cultivation time of 4 weeks in pylon soil. Lime amendment reduced the plant uptake of Pb and Zn significantly by up to 91%. But L. sativa var. crispa cultivated on soils limed to neutral pH still contained critical Pb concentrations (up to 0.6 mg kg −1 fresh weight). Possible mechanisms for the exceptionally high plant availability of soil Pb derived from red lead paint are discussed.

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“…In the past, red lead anti-corrosion paint has been applied extensively to steel construction such as electricity pylons or bridges (Lindqvist and Vannerberg, 1974;Virji et al, 2009), prominent examples being some of the 200,000 high-voltage pylons in Germany (BNetzA, 2007). A recent survey conducted at 210 German pylon sites showed that soils around pylons (here termed as "pylon soils") erected before 1970 exhibit elevated concentrations of Pb and Zn (IFUA, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Characteristics of Pb in Soil Contaminated by Red Lead Anti-Corrosion Paint

Brokbartold

Temminghoff

Weng

et al. 2013

Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal

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Red lead (Pb 3 O 4 ) has been extensively used in the past in anti-corrosion paints for the protection of steel constructions such as electricity pylons or bridges. Until recently, little has been known about the behavior of these Pb compounds in soils. Therefore, three pylon soils and six red lead anti-corrosion paints were characterized in terms of solubility, Pb mineral composition, extractability, sorption and desorption, and the chemical speciation of Pb in soil extracts. The pylon soils were characterized by moderate total Pb concentrations (≈700 mg kg −1 ), while NH 4 NO 3 extractable Pb was exceptionally high (up to 15% of total Pb). In soil extracts, the free Pb 2+ fraction ranged from 33 to 81% of total soluble Pb. The equilibrium concentration of Pb derived from Pb 3 O 4 in ultra-pure water reached 68.5 mg L −1 . This high solubility explains the observed high extractability in soils and contradicts earlier reports of much lower water solubilities of the compound.

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Corrosion‐inhibiting properties of red lead—I. Pigment suspensions in aqueous solutions

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Analytical Techniques Applied to the Study of Industrial Archaeology Heritage: The Case of Plaiko Zubixe Footbridge

Analytical Techniques Applied to the Study of Industrial Archaeology Heritage: The Case of Plaiko Zubixe Footbridge

Plant Availability and Uptake of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Soils Contaminated with Anti-corrosion Paint from Pylons in Comparison to Heavy Metal Contaminated Urban Soils

Unique Characteristics of Pb in Soil Contaminated by Red Lead Anti-Corrosion Paint

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