“…Titania-based nanosized coatings were prepared from titanium tetrabutoxide (TB, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA) dissolved in isopropanol and acetylacetone (0.4 M/L, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Afterwards, small quantity of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Lous, MO, USA) was added under vigorous stirring for 1 h. As well-known, Tween 80 is a biodegradable surface modifier and has a remarkable effect on the reduction of the crystalline sizes. The substrates were dipped in the precursor solution and were withdrawn at a rate of 30 mm/min.…”