“…Cancer immunotherapy, as a novel anticancer therapy, has attracted growing attention for its unique advantages, such as avoiding toxic effects, providing preventive action, inhibiting tumor metastasis, and preventing tumor recurrence (Finn, 2003 ; Cha et al., 2018 ; Zhou et al., 2020 ; Ren et al., 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ; Xie et al., 2023 ). This body defense model involves a series of key steps, including the uptake and recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), the presentation of the TAAs to T and B lymphocytes, and the initiation and activation of cellular and humoral immune responses.…”