“…[15][16][17] Nowadays, a variety of electroconductive biomaterials have been utilized in the field of CTE. They comprise carbonbased nanomaterials, 18 gold-based nanomaterials, 19 conductive polymers, 20 piezoelectric polymeric materials, 21 and other electroconductive biomaterials including melanin, 22 silicon nanowires, 23 silver nanoparticles, 24 and selenium nanoparticles. 25 Among commonly used biomaterials for CTE, graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), owing to their desirable specifications such as high mechanical strength, electroconductivity, biocompatibility, high specific surface area, ease of biological/chemical functionalization, 26 low cost, and scalable fabrication, have been widely investigated.…”