“…308 The mechanisms responsible for biological effects of DNA guanine-quadruplex stabilization induced by the interactive agent TMPyP4 were further investigated and an important role for phosphorylation of histone H2AX (Ser139) and other biologically important proteins (p53, α tubulin and others) was revealed using retinoblastoma cell lines. 309,310 Moreover, increased expression of p21CIP1 and p57KIP2 proteins, and activated MAP kinases (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase) were identified in K562 leukemic cells. TMPyP4 treatment significantly inhibited growth, and induced cell cycle arrest and cell death.…”