Corrigendum: Respiratory Function in Voluntary Participating Patagonia Sea Lions (Otaria flavescens) in Sternal Recumbency

Fahlman, Andreas; Madigan, Johnny

doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00670

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…2 to 3 s) followed by a long pause (between 5 and 80 s) and a rapid expiration (ca. 3 to 4 s), with no evident pause before next inspiration (Lyamin et al, 2002;De León, 2016;Fahlman & Madigan, 2016). Therefore, different phases of the breathing cycle involve differences in chest movement and the amount of air filling the lungs-conditions that affected the quality of heart images and determined a very short acoustic window at the end of the expiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Healthy, Non-Sedated Southern Sea Lions (Otaria flavescens)

Castro¹,

Dassis²,

León³

et al. 2018

Aquat Mamm

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The goal of this study was to test transthoracic echocardiography as a method to characterize heart morphology and function in the southern sea lion (SSL) (Otaria flavescens) for health evaluation. Four clinically healthy captive SSLs (mean weight 110 ± 17.5 kg) were trained to be examined by transthoracic echocardiography at Mar del Plata Aquarium in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Two-dimensional guided M-mode images were obtained using a portable cardiovascular ultrasound system equipped with a 1.5 to 3.5 MHz convex 3S phased-array transducer. The mean left ventricular internal dimension at enddiastole was 73 ± 5.8 mm; the mean interventricular septum thickness and posterior wall thickness at end-diastole were 9 ± 1.1 mm and 8.9 ± 2 mm, respectively. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were 44.6 ± 1.7% and 74.4 ± 1.7%, respectively. The left atrial diameter-to-aortic root index was 0.92 ± 0.03. The most suitable position for obtaining good quality images was the left lateral recumbency (with slight inclination to 45°), with the probe placed on the left side of the thorax, ventrally just near the sternum, at the level of the caudal portion of the left pectoral fin. The best acoustic window in relation to the breathing cycle occurred between the end of the expiration and the beginning of the next inspiration. We successfully demonstrated that the in vivo structure and function of the SSL heart can be safely and effectively evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography in captive trained animals. These data have clinical and research implications for evaluating diseases of the cardiopulmonary system in pinnipeds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%