1945
DOI: 10.1680/ijoti.1945.13941
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Correspondence. The Destruction of Concrete by Frost.

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“…[9][10][11][12][13][14] As for freeze-thaw resistance, Dong et al 13 indicated that the freeze-thaw damage of the concrete was accelerated when the mixture of the eolian sand exceeded 30%, and an excessive mix of the eolian sand resulted in bonding weakness, which was insufficient to offset the internal stress produced by the freeze-thaw cycle. In the past decades, several theories [15][16][17][18] have been proposed to explain the freeze damage mechanism, and researchers have suggested various solutions by adding complementary additives based on these theories, ranging from macro-sized additives to micro-sized nanoparticles. These additives can be categorized based on their function as follows: (a) air entraining agents, 19,20 providing extra pore volume to prevent frost heave; (b) consolidation agents, 21,22 reducing the porosity and refining the cement matrix; (c) crack crosslinking additives, 23,24 controlling the cracks to prevent crack propagation; (d) hydrophobic agents, 25,26 altering hydrophilicity of the cement matrix to resist the water invasion.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[9][10][11][12][13][14] As for freeze-thaw resistance, Dong et al 13 indicated that the freeze-thaw damage of the concrete was accelerated when the mixture of the eolian sand exceeded 30%, and an excessive mix of the eolian sand resulted in bonding weakness, which was insufficient to offset the internal stress produced by the freeze-thaw cycle. In the past decades, several theories [15][16][17][18] have been proposed to explain the freeze damage mechanism, and researchers have suggested various solutions by adding complementary additives based on these theories, ranging from macro-sized additives to micro-sized nanoparticles. These additives can be categorized based on their function as follows: (a) air entraining agents, 19,20 providing extra pore volume to prevent frost heave; (b) consolidation agents, 21,22 reducing the porosity and refining the cement matrix; (c) crack crosslinking additives, 23,24 controlling the cracks to prevent crack propagation; (d) hydrophobic agents, 25,26 altering hydrophilicity of the cement matrix to resist the water invasion.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%