Correspondence Analysis: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data in Architecture

Abstract

Abstract. This article aims at establishing a new application of the correspondence analysis (CA) method for analyzing qualitative data in architecture and landscape architecture. This method is primarily used in genealogy but is here, for the first time, applied to architectural studies. After introducing a qualitative method based on coding process, a practical guide for using CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) is provided. The software NVivo-8 is applied to analyze the data. CA, a multivariate statistical technique, is used to identify the underlying structure of the data and visualize the results. For the purpose of testing this method in practice, the National Garden of Tehran was selected as a case study to provide the data. The focus is on visualizing the similarities between the properties of the National Garden of Tehran and several different garden design styles. Two reliability tests were performed to verify the results, indicating that the National Garden of Tehran has many characteristics similar to those of a typical Baroque garden style. We believe that this new method may have wide application possibilities for studies on architecture, urban design, and landscape architecture.

Accounting for the Bitcoin: accountability, neoliberalism and a correspondence analysis

“…The use of correspondence analysis is appropriate, as this technique is becoming increasingly popular as an exploratory tool, rather than as a means of pure statistical analysis (Beh, 2004). Correspondence analysis has, for example, been used in archaeology (Clouse, 1999), architecture (Habib et al , 2012), auditing (Maroun, 2014), family business research (Kudlats et al , 2014), marketing (Hoffman and Franke, 1986; Bendixen, 1996), psychology (Doey and Kurta, 2011), taxation (Maroun et al , 2011) and tourism (Chen, 2001), where the emphasis was on exploration of the relevant subject matter.…”

“…Similarly, the development of column headings (based on the theoretical frameworks in Section 2.2) relied on high-quality peer-reviewed publications and was peer-reviewed by the support researchers. The final correspondence table is presented in Appendix 1 (Habib et al , 2012). It cross-tabulates accounting principles from the prior literature (as the columns “ C1 ” to “ C13 ”), with characteristics of the “currency” (as the rows “ R1 ” to “ R17 ”).…”

The Distinction of Ornament and Decoration in Architecture

“…In this regard, writers' direct and indirect definitions of the aforementioned concepts and their views regarding their difference are collected and codified. It is notable that 'Coding' as one of the most important methods of qualitative data analysis (Habib et al, 2012) is employed in this paper for facilitating the calculation of codes (i.e. criteria) frequency and identification of most referred ones.…”

Rethinking the Writing Process: What Best‐Selling and Award‐Winning Authors Have to Say

“… Read the responses (closed and open‐ended; Patton, ). Develop coding categories (activity codes, or regularly occurring behavior; Auerbach & Silverstein, ). Label the responses with one or more categories (overarching terms; Grbich, ). Reflect and develop the subcodes (smaller categorical terms; Habib, Etesam, Ghoddusifar, & Mohajeri, ). Consider the meanings of responses and identify patterns and trends (categorical relations and commonality or uniqueness of responses; Merriam, ; Miles, Huberman, & Saldaña, ; Richards, ). Write the final analysis (summarize using descriptive text inclusive of author narratives; Corbin & Strauss, ; Friese, ). …”