Correlations between space weather parameters during intense geomagnetic storms: Analytical study

Catalog of Geomagnetic Storms with Dst Index ≤ −50 nT and Their Solar and Interplanetary Origin (1996–2019)

“…Furthermore, we investigated their correlation trends as depicted in the scatter plots and quantified them in terms of the Pearson correlation coefficients. We focused on the results only over SC23+24, and the results in this study were again predominantly lower (but, mostly, not statistically significant) compared to those reported previously by [35], namely: (33).…”

“…Apart from the occurrence rate for the IP shocks (33%, 179/546), which was not considered there, we could still compare the results on GS-associated phenomena. Below, we compare, from one side, the upper limits of the occurrence rates as obtained in our study (with a sample size of 546) and, on the other, the corresponding values in our previous work [35] (with a sample size of 111), namely: The values obtained in this study (based on a larger sample with numerous weaker GSs) were all smaller. This can be explained by the fact that larger eruptions manifest overall as stronger solar and IP phenomena.…”

“…Another statistical work over SC23 and 24 [35] that presented the occurrence rates between the GSs and the different solar origin phenomena, however, focused on major GSs with Dst ≤ −100 nT. Apart from the occurrence rate for the IP shocks (33%, 179/546), which was not considered there, we could still compare the results on GS-associated phenomena.…”

“…Recent studies over two solar cycles (SCs) confirm the stronger trends between the Dst and the IP parameters compared to solar eruptive phenomena. Namely, a recent study [35] explored the Pearson correlations between 111 GSs with |Dst| ≥ 100 nT and a variety of physical parameters in SC23 and 24, confirming strong relationships with total B-field, the product between solar wind speed and the B z -component and the ICME speed. Moderate correlations are reported with the solar wind speed and pressure and weak/no clear correlation with plasma density, solar flare (SF) class, CME speed and angular width (AW), and the fluxes and fluences of energetic particles.…”

“…This set of criteria (or quality flagging) was applied to the entire GS event list. For the major GSs (|Dst| ≥ 100 nT), ∼100 cases, we adopted the associations from our previous work [35].…”