Correlations between serum assays of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) and pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) among nulliparas younger than 38 years

During pregnancy and lactation, female physiology adapts to meet the added nutritional demands of fetuses and neonates. An average full-term fetus contains ϳ30 g calcium, 20 g phosphorus, and 0.8 g magnesium. About 80% of mineral is accreted during the third trimester; calcium transfers at 300-350 mg/day during the final 6 wk. The neonate requires 200 mg calcium daily from milk during the first 6 mo, and 120 mg calcium from milk during the second 6 mo (additional calcium comes from solid foods). Calcium transfers can be more than double and triple these values, respectively, in women who nurse twins and triplets. About 25% of dietary calcium is normally absorbed in healthy adults. Average maternal calcium intakes in American and Canadian women are insufficient to meet the fetal and neonatal calcium requirements if normal efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is relied upon. However, several adaptations are invoked to meet the fetal and neonatal demands for mineral without requiring increased intakes by the mother. During pregnancy the efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption doubles, whereas during lactation the maternal skeleton is resorbed to provide calcium for milk. This review addresses our current knowledge regarding maternal adaptations in mineral and skeletal homeostasis that occur during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning recovery. Also considered are the impacts that these adaptations have on biochemical and hormonal parameters of mineral homeostasis, the consequences for long-term skeletal health, and the presentation and management of disorders of mineral and bone metabolism.

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“…However, plasma concentrations and placental expression of placental lactogen are not reduced in preeclamptic women (73,74,561,595,623,675,1027).…”

Section: Human Datamentioning

confidence: 97%

Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery

Kovacs

2016

Physiological Reviews

361

524

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“…Blood CG levels are known to exponentially increase during the first 2 months of pregnancy (Cole 2010). Furthermore, elevated CG levels are also a useful predictor of pregnancy-related diseases, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and GDM (Heikkila et al 2001, Merviel et al 2001, Androutsopoulos et al 2009, which indicates that CG may have extragonadal functions. Accumulating evidence indicates that several non-gonadal tissues contain low levels of functional CG/LHR and that the non-gonadal actions of LH/CG are physiologically important (Rao 2001, Abdallah et al 2004.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of chorionic gonadotrophin attenuate insulin sensitivity and promote inflammation in adipocytes

Fan

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) presents with moderate inflammation, insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake, which may result from increased maternal fat mass and increased circulation of placental hormones and adipokines. In this study, we set out to test whether the surge in chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) secretion is a cause of inflammation and impaired insulin sensitivity in GDM. We first found that LH/chorionic gonadotrophin receptors (CG/LHR) were expressed at low levels in insulin-sensitive murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and murine C2C12 myocytes. CG treatment not only directly reduced insulin-responsive gene expression, including that of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), but also impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, CG treatment increased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) and upregulated nuclear factor k-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Clinically, pregnant women who had higher CG levels and elevated MCP1 developed GDM. Above all, apart from prepregnancy BMI and MCP1 level, CG level was associated with abnormal glucose tolerance. In summary, our findings confirmed that higher CG levels in pregnancy possibly played a role in GDM development partly by impairing the functions of insulin, such those involved in as glucose uptake, while promoting inflammation in adipocyte.

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“…While others considered that estrogen and progesterone which are elevated steadily during pregnancy are the main hormones which influence beta cell function in early pregnancy and insulin resistance especially in late pregnancy (Ryan & Enns, 1988;Polderman et al, 1994;Glass & Kase, 1984). Although some scientists have considered that human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may participates in the development of insulin resistance during pregnancy as it shows higher level in women with GDM in comparison with normal pregnancies (Merviel et al, 2001). But, as we know from the normal changes during pregnancy, the main increase of HCG occurs during the first trimester, and this period is associated with an increase in insulin sensitivity and improvement of glucose tolerance.…”

Section: Diabetic Action Of Steroid Hormones (Cortisol Estrogen Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Past, the Present and the Future

Al-Noaemi¹,

Shalayel²

2011

Gestational Diabetes

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Correlations between serum assays of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) and pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) among nulliparas younger than 38 years

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery

Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery

High levels of chorionic gonadotrophin attenuate insulin sensitivity and promote inflammation in adipocytes

Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Past, the Present and the Future

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