Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and newborn behavior

Growth Patterns of Large-for-Gestational-Age and Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Infants of Gestational Diabetic Mothers and Control Mothers at Age 1 Year

“…Not only do these findings support the "fuel-mediated teratogenesis" theory of Freinkel (18,19) that the intrauterine fuel environment may have long-term effects on the fetus, but they also suggest that these effects may be identified in the normal nondiabetic pregnancy. Rizzo et al (18) reported on the effects of higher maternal fasting glucose levels and HbA lc in pregestational and gestational diabetic pregnant women on abnormal findings on the Brazelton (34) neonatal behavioral assessment scale at birth. Silverman et al (5) investigated the relationship between amniotic fluid insulin and infant/child growth, and found a direct correlation between insulin concentration and child obesity at ages 6-8 years.…”

“…The presence of larger or more fat cells in the neonate may predispose the infant to obesity during childhood and adolescence (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Childhood obesity places the child at increased risk for multiple morbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, lipoprotein abnormalities, psychosocial dysfunction, and adult obesity (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Therefore, identification of etiologic factors and an assessment of the pathogenesis of obesity in children of GDM mothers is clinically important.…”

Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Adolescent Offspring of Diabetic Mothers: Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism

“…The details of antepartum care, including routine hospitalization, have been previously reported (13). Every 1-2 weeks, blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast for measurement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG).…”

Dopamine D4 receptor and serotonin transporter promoter in the determination of neonatal temperament

“…These core clusters of temperament include orientation, motor organization, range of state and regulation of state. The NBAS is the most widely employed neonatal assessment scale and has been used extensively to study risk factors, 19,20 the effects of obstetric medication and mode of delivery, 21,22 maternal substance abuse, [23][24][25] cross cultural effects 26 and as a predictor of later development. [27][28][29] The NBAS is also related to concurrent and later measures of temperament in infancy and early childhood.…”