Correlation Power Analysis for SM4 Based on ISOMAP

A novel SM4 cryptographic architecture against higher order power analysis attacks

“…In comparison, in the higher order PAAs, multiple processed data and their power data are utilized together to do a more advanced correlation analysis for greatly improving the attacking efficiency of PAAs. 10 Secret merchant-4 (SM4) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and advanced encryption standard (AES) cryptographic algorithms 5,6 are a type of symmetric block ciphers that are able to achieve fast encryption speeds and low hardware implementation costs. 4,[21][22][23][24][25] Unfortunately, both SM4 and AES cryptographic algorithms are pretty vulnerable to PAAs when they are implemented in hardware levels.…”

“…Secret merchant‐4 (SM4) 11–20 and advanced encryption standard (AES) cryptographic algorithms 5,6 are a type of symmetric block ciphers that are able to achieve fast encryption speeds and low hardware implementation costs 4,21–25 . Unfortunately, both SM4 and AES cryptographic algorithms are pretty vulnerable to PAAs when they are implemented in hardware levels 4,26 .…”

“…PAAs are powerful non‐invasive attacks that can be utilized for disclosing the secret keys of hardware‐implemented SM4 13 and AES 5 cryptographic algorithms. For instance, the primary steps for executing a first‐order PAA on a 128‐bit AES core are shown in Figure 3.…”