Correlation of Vitamin D with Inflammatory Cytokines, Atherosclerotic Parameters, and Lifestyle Factors in the Setting of Heart Failure: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent worldwide. It has been associated with heart failure (HF) given its immunoregulatory functions. In-vitro and animal models have shown protective roles through mechanisms involving procollagen-1, JNK2, calcineurin/NFAT, NF-κB, MAPK, Th1, Th2, Th17, cytokines, cholesterol-efflux, oxLDL, and GLUT4, among others. A 12-month follow-up in HF patients showed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, with no seasonal variation (64.7–82.4%). A positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D concentration and dietary intake of vitamin D-rich foods was found. A significant inverse correlation with IL-1β (R = −0.78), TNF-α (R = −0.53), IL-6 (R = −0.42), IL-8 (R = −0.41), IL-17A (R = −0.31), LDL-cholesterol (R = −0.51), Apo-B (R = −0.57), total-cholesterol (R = –0.48), and triglycerides (R = −0.32) was shown. Cluster analysis demonstrated that patients from cluster three, with the lowest 25(OH)D levels, presented the lowermost vitamin D intake, IL-10 (1.0 ± 0.9 pg/mL), and IL-12p70 (0.5 ± 0.4 pg/mL), but the highest TNF-α (9.1 ± 3.5 pg/mL), IL-8 (55.6 ± 117.1 pg/mL), IL-17A (3.5 ± 2.0 pg/mL), total-cholesterol (193.9 ± 61.4 mg/dL), LDL-cholesterol (127.7 ± 58.2 mg/dL), and Apo-B (101.4 ± 33.4 mg/dL) levels, compared with patients from cluster one. Although the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of HF in humans is still uncertain, we applied the molecular mechanisms of in-vitro and animal models to explain our findings. Vitamin D deficiency might contribute to inflammation, remodeling, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis in patients with HF.

Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and VDR Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leukemia Patients and Healthy Subjects in Central Kazakhstan

“…The lack of seasonal 25(OH)D changes in vitamin D-deficient patients with cancer [33] and other diseases (e.g. [34][35][36]) has been previously reported. There may be several reasons for such a phenomenon, including limited outdoor activity, low dietary intake of vitamin D and higher rates of 25(OH)D metabolism in patients which may affect its residence time in the blood.…”

Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results

“…Higher vitamin D levels correlate with lower interleukin 6 levels, which are a major target for controlling cytokine storm in COVID-19. 41 , 42 To the extent that it prevents infection, decreases viral replication, or accelerates viral clearance, vitamin D treatment might reduce spread. On the other hand, if vitamin D reduces inflammation, it might increase asymptomatic carriage and decrease symptomatic presentations, including cough, making it hard to predict its effect on viral spread.…”

Interleukin-6 and vitamin D serum levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after long-term continuous positive airway pressure treatment

“…Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism homeostasis, given its immunoregulatory functions. The adequate levels of serum 25(OH)D have been associated with lower levels of IL-6 [58] .On the contrary, vitamin D de ciency has been associated with chronic in ammatory states and a proin ammatory cytokine pro le and has also been linked with augmented collagen synthesis, oxidative stress, and remodeling [59]. A negative correlation between vitamin D and IL-6 concentrations has been found in heart failure and atherosclerosis [59].…”