Correlation of the oldest Toba Tuff to sediments in the central Indian Ocean Basin

Pattan, J.N.; Prasad, M.M.; Babu, E. V. S. S. K.

doi:10.1007/s12040-010-0027-4

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Two of numerous eruptions produced the Oldest Toba Tuff (OTT) and the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT). New research suggests that OTT represents a total tephra volume of 2,300 cubic km, 253 which is comparable to the better-known YTT total volume of 2,800 cubic km. 149 The Australasian Strewnfield and OTT are closely related in time.…”

Section: Box 5 Pleistocene Catastrophesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Retracted: Early hominin biogeography in Island Southeast Asia

Larick¹,

Ciochon²

2015

Evolutionary Anthropology

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Island Southeast Asia covers Eurasia's tropical expanse of continental shelf and active subduction zones. Cutting between island landmasses, Wallace's Line separates Sunda and the Eastern Island Arc (the Arc) into distinct tectonic and faunal provinces. West of the line, on Sunda, Java Island yields many fossils of Homo erectus. East of the line, on the Arc, Flores Island provides one skeleton and isolated remains of Homo floresiensis. Luzon Island in the Philippines has another fossil hominin. Sulawesi preserves early hominin archeology. This insular divergence sets up a unique regional context for early hominin dispersal, isolation, and extinction. The evidence is reviewed across three Pleistocene climate periods. Patterns are discussed in relation to the pulse of global sea-level shifts, as well as regional geo-tectonics, catastrophes, stegodon dispersal, and paleogenomics. Several patterns imply evolutionary processes typical of oceanic islands. Early hominins apparently responded to changing island conditions for a million-and-a-half years, likely becoming extinct during the period in which Homo sapiens colonized the region.

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Section: Box 5 Pleistocene Catastrophesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Retracted: Early hominin biogeography in Island Southeast Asia

Larick¹,

Ciochon²

2015

Evolutionary Anthropology

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“…Only one sample is available for the OTT (Layer D at ODP site 758), and thus it is not possible to assess its true compositional range. Other occurrences of OTT glass shards in deep-sea sediments have been identified (Lee et al, 2004;Pattan et al, 2010) and offer the prospect of a better understanding of OTT compositional variability in the near future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tephrochronology of the Toba tuffs: four primary glass populations define the 75‐ka Youngest Toba Tuff, northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Westgate

Pearce

Perkins

et al. 2013

J Quaternary Science

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Four primary glass populations, well defined by their Sr, Ba and Y concentrations, occur in the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT), which was deposited during a supereruption of the Toba caldera complex in northern Sumatra 75 ka. Average concentrations of major and trace elements indicate a coherent, systematic variation of glass composition across populations. No clear pattern in the areal distribution of these four glass groups can be discerned. The multiple glass populations of the YTT easily distinguish it from the single homogeneous glass population of the Middle Toba Tuff

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“…Given the volume of ejecta of at least 800-1000 km 3 that they estimated for the eruption that produced the Oldest Toba Tephra, envisaged that with predominant westward dispersal (such as for the Youngest Toba Tephra) this material could have readily reached India in sufficient quantity to enable preservation within the geological record (figure 1). The possibility of such preservation is increased by the upward revision of the magnitude of this eruption, to ∼2300 km 3 , by Pattan et al (2010).…”

Section: Compositional Variationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…which ∼2000 km 3 was emplaced in Indonesia, primarily as pyroclastic flow deposits, and ∼800 km 3 was dispersed as tephra (e.g., Chesner 1987, 1990;Jones 2007). The earlier eruption D (Dehn et al 1991), ca 800 ka, is now recognised to be of comparable magnitude; Pattan et al (2010) estimated its total volume of ejecta as ∼2300 km 3 . Tephra derived from Toba is widespread in peninsular India, ∼3000 km from its source, having been identified at many Pleistocene sites (figure 2), including some that have yielded Lower Palaeolithic artefacts that have been classified as Large Flake Acheulian (e.g., Sharon 2007;Mishra et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for determination of the age of Pleistocene tephra, derived from eruption of Toba, in central India

et al. 2011

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Tephra, emplaced as a result of Pleistocene eruption of the Indonesian 'supervolcano' Toba, occurs at many localities in India. However, the ages of these deposits have hitherto been contentious; some workers have argued that these deposits mark the most recent eruption (eruption A, ca 75 ka), although at some sites they are stratigraphically associated with Acheulian (Lower Palaeolithic) artefacts. Careful examination of the geochemical composition of the tephras, which are composed predominantly of shards of rhyolitic glass, indicates that discrimination between the products of eruption A and eruption D (ca 790 ka) of Toba is difficult. Nonetheless, this comparison favours eruption D as the source of the tephra deposits at some sites in India, supporting the long-held view that the Lower Palaeolithic of India spans the late Early Pleistocene. In principle, these tephra deposits should be dateable using the K-Ar system; however, previous experience indicates contamination by a small proportion of ancient material, resulting in apparent ages that exceed the true ages of the tephras. We have established the optimum size-fraction in which the material from Toba is concentrated, 53-61 μm, and have considered possible origins for the observed contamination. We also demonstrate that Ar-Ar analysis of four out of five of our samples has yielded material with an apparent age similar to that expected for eruption D. These numerical ages, of 809 ± 51, 714 ± 62, 797 ± 45 and 827 ± 39 ka for the tephras at Morgaon, Bori, Gandhigram and Simbhora, provide a weighted mean age for this eruption of 799 ± 24 ka (plus-or-minus two standard deviations). However, these numerical ages are each derived from no more than 10-20% of the argon release in each sample, which is not ideal. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate that it is feasible, in principle, to date this difficult material using the Ar-Ar technique; future follow-up studies will therefore be able to refine our preparation and analysis procedures to better optimize the dating.

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Correlation of the oldest Toba Tuff to sediments in the central Indian Ocean Basin

Cited by 28 publications

References 27 publications

Retracted: Early hominin biogeography in Island Southeast Asia

Retracted: Early hominin biogeography in Island Southeast Asia

Tephrochronology of the Toba tuffs: four primary glass populations define the 75‐ka Youngest Toba Tuff, northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Methods for determination of the age of Pleistocene tephra, derived from eruption of Toba, in central India

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