Correlation of salivary glucose, blood glucose and oral candidal carriage in the saliva of type 2 diabetics: A case-control study

Abstract

Objectives:To study the correlation between blood glucose levels and salivary glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients, to study the relationship between salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in type 2 diabetic patients and to determine whether salivary glucose levels could be used as a noninvasive tool for the measurement of glycemic control in type 2 diabetics.Study Design:The study population consisted of three groups: Group 1 consisted of 30 controlled diabetics and Group 2 consisted of 30 uncontrolled diabetics based on their random nonfasting plasma glucose levels. Group 3 consisted of 30 healthy controls. Two milliliters of peripheral blood was collected for the estimation of random nonfasting plasma glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Unstimulated saliva was collected for the estimation of salivary glucose. Saliva was collected by the oral rinse technique for the estimation of candidal counts.Results:The salivary glucose levels were significantly higher in controlled and uncontrolled diabetics when compared with controls. The salivary candidal carriage was also significantly higher in uncontrolled diabetics when compared with controlled diabetics and nondiabetic controls. The salivary glucose levels showed a significant correlation with blood glucose levels, suggesting that salivary glucose levels can be used as a monitoring tool for predicting glycemic control in diabetic patients.Conclusion:The present study found that estimation of salivary glucose levels can be used as a noninvasive, painless technique for the measurement of diabetic status of a patient in a dental set up. Increased salivary glucose levels leads to increased oral candidal carriage; therefore, oral diagnosticians are advised to screen the diabetic patients for any oral fungal infections and further management.

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“…The glucose levels of both blood and saliva are in agreement, with higher values in the uncontrolled diabetic group, followed by the group with diabetic and healthy individuals. This is consistent with the results obtained in earlier reports, wherein compared with control, the glucose levels were significantly higher in saliva samples of controlled and uncontrolled diabetics 23 . The main reason behind the presence of glucose in the saliva is due to its diffusion through semipermeable membrane 15 .…”

A fully inkjet-printed disposable glucose sensor on paper

“…3d, inset). [35][36][37][38] To evaluate the ability of the sensor to detect glucose in saliva, we collected a saliva sample from a healthy, non-diabetic volunteer who was asked to fast 12 h before the extraction of saliva. Using a commercially available glucose assay kit, we found glucose in this sample at a concentration of 28 µM.…”

“…4b). [35][36][37][38] Diabetic patients are advised to keep their blood glucose levels close to the target range below 7 mM (fasting). 39,40 Recent studies have demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the concentration of glucose in saliva and blood for healthy and Fig.…”

“…The glucose concentration in the measurement solution is 1 mM diabetic patients and substantiated the role of saliva as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. [35][36][37][38] In saliva, the equivalent of this critical concentration is ca. 0.13 mM.…”

An On-Chip Disposable Salivary Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Control

“…3,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Of the 19 studies, 16 revealed a positive correlation between SG levels and BG/serum glucose levels. It is worth pointing out that SG values measured by groups from India, Iran, and Brazil 23-29 vary a lot from the others.…”