“…While inflammation is an important component of secondary brain injury throughout all phases of recovery, its biological pleiotropy makes the interpretation of the current results difficult. For example, MCP-4 is a candidate biomarker for several inflammatoryrelated health conditions such as arthritis, obesity, asthma and respiratory infection (Baumann et al, 2013;Breland et al, 2010;Gentili et al, 2016;Okugawa et al, 2016;Pradeep et al, 2013;Relster et al, 2017). Furthermore, both MCP-1 and -4 have been associated with disturbances in the neuroendocrine-immune axis in posttraumatic stress disorder (Dalgard et al, 2017).…”