Correlation of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Total Rotational Motion to Shoulder Injuries in Professional Baseball Pitchers

Wilk, Kevin E.; Macrina, Leonard C.; Fleisig, Glenn S.; Porterfield, Ronald; Simpson, Charles D.; Harker, Paul; Paparesta, Nick; Andrews, James R.

doi:10.1177/0363546510384223

Cited by 476 publications

(528 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For differences between side dominance means, (F 1,181 = 0.044, p = 0.835), for differences between age group means (F 2,181 = 2.604, p = 0.077), and for the interaction effect between side because increased GIRD has been associated with injury in other sports. 16 This is also linked to research by Kibler et al 8 who found the greatest reduction in IR ROM and TROM occurred in those players with less than six or more than nine years of tournament experience. Their study involved 39 tennis players aged between 14 and 21 years.…”

Section: Glenohumeral Joint Total Rotation Range Of Motion (Trom) Andmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…This is supported by Manske et al 15 who stated a GIRD is required to generate sufficient force during serving and does not lead to pathology. In contrast both Kibler & Chandler, 12 and Wilk et al 16 suggest the loss of internal rotation ROM is one of the intrinsic risk factors for overhead injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…12,[15][16][17] Wilk et al 16 found a greater than 5° side-to-side difference in TROM which had a two and a half times higher injury risk than those within 5°. The equivalent data is not yet available in tennis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference Values for Glenohumeral Joint Rotational Range of Motion in Elite Tennis Players

Nutt

Mirkovic

Hill

et al. 2018

Intl J Sports Phys Ther

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Background: Due to the repetitive overhead activity involved in playing tennis and the physical demands of the game, shoulder joint injury is common. There is limited research available describing sport specific risk factors for injury in tennis, however, changes in shoulder rotational range of motion (ROM) have been associated with injury in other overhead 'throwing' type sports.Purpose: This study had two purposes: i) to identify reference values for passive glenohumeral joint rotational ROM in elite tennis players, and, ii) to investigate differences in ROM between various age groups of players. Study design:Cross-sectional analysis. Methods:Data was collected at national performance camps held at a National Tennis Centre between September 2012 and July 2015. One hundred and eighty-four tennis players aged between 11 and 24 years took part. All had a top eight national ranking within their respective age group. Participants were divided into three age groups; under 14 years, 14-15 years, and 16 years and over. The main outcome measures were dominant and non-dominant internal and external rotation as well as total glenohumeral joint passive ROM. Results:Reduced internal, and greater external rotation passive ROM were identified on the dominant side (p < 0.05), however, no side-to-side differences in total rotation ROM were found (p > 0.05). A glenohumeral joint internal rotation deficit (GIRD) was prevalent on the dominant side, which increased in magnitude with rising player age. Differences in dominant side internal and external rotation ROM were identified between age groups with the 14-15-year olds having less internal and greater external rotation than the under 14-year olds and the over 16-year old athletes (p < 0.05). The total range of motion values were not found to differ between age groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions:This study provides reference values for glenohumeral joint rotational ROM in elite tennis players and demonstrates age specific differences. Future studies should investigate links between changes in ROM and injury risk. Level of evidence: 3

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Section: Glenohumeral Joint Total Rotation Range Of Motion (Trom) Andmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Reference Values for Glenohumeral Joint Rotational Range of Motion in Elite Tennis Players

Nutt

Mirkovic

Hill

et al. 2018

Intl J Sports Phys Ther

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“…This condition's presence was not enough to reflect on upper limb functional impairment according to the questionnaires applied. In addition, the CKCUES-test power values and the internal rotation deficit, conditions that are related to the presence of shoulder pain in previous studies 3,24,27 were not different between the groups with and without scapular dyskinesis. Thus, it is speculated that functional alterations may be related to pain complaint and not to changes in scapular positioning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The calculation of the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit was taken by subtracting the internal rotation values of the dominant and non-dominant limbs. According to Wilk et al 24 , it was established a difference greater than 18° to categorize the volunteers with internal rotation deficits. Scapular movement was evaluated by the dynamic observational method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scapular dyskinesis was not associated with pain and function in male adolescent athletes

Oliveira¹,

Silva²,

Pitangui³

et al. 2018

Brazilian Journal of Pain

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Scapular dyskinesis has been associated to shoulder injuries and pain. However, this relationship with adolescent athletes is not well established. The objective of this study was to evaluate scapular dyskinesis in young athletes and its association with pain or shoulder function. METHODS: 178 male adolescent athletes (14.58±2.16 years) were evaluated. The subjects completed the Quick Disability Arm Shoulder Hand questionnaire. Body mass, height, shoulder internal rotation and Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test were measured. A dynamic visual method was applied to assess dyskinesis. Binary logistic regression was applied to analyze the association between dyskinesis and other variables. The comparison between groups with and without dyskinesis was made by the Mann-Whitney and t-test, accepting a statistical significance of p<0.05. RESULTS: The dyskinesis prevalence was 56.7% and this condition was not associated with shoulder pain. Younger athletes are 159% more likely to have dyskinesis, while those who practice more than one hour a day for three times a week are 77% more likely to have the same outcome. No difference in shoulder function was found. CONCLUSION: Scapular dyskinesis is not associated with pain and does not affect shoulder function in adolescent athletes. Sports modality, age and training volume seem to induce changes in scapula movement. Keywords: Adolescents, Athletes, Athletic performance, Pain, Shoulder. Scapular dyskinesis was not associated with pain and function in male adolescent athletes RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS:A discinese escapular tem sido associada a lesões e dor no ombro, no entanto essa relação em adolescentes atletas ainda não é bem definida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de discinese escapular em adolescentes atletas amadores e sua associação com a dor e medidas de função no ombro. MÉTODOS: 178 adolescentes do sexo masculino (14,58±2,16 anos) participaram do estudo. Os sujeitos responderam ao questionário Quick Disability Arm Shoulder Hand. Também foram avaliados massa corporal, estatura, rotação interna do ombro e Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability. Para avaliação da discinese escapular, utilizou-se o método visual dinâmico. A regressão logística binária foi utilizada para analisar a associação entre discinese e as demais variáveis. A comparação entre os grupos com e sem discinese foi feita pelo teste t e Mann-Whitney, sendo aceito significância estatística quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de discinese foi de 56,7% e essa condição não teve associação com dor no ombro. Atletas mais jovens têm 159% mais chances de apresentar discinese, enquanto aqueles que treinam mais de uma hora por dia, durante três vezes por semana, têm 77% mais chances de ter o mesmo desfecho. Nenhuma diferença na função do ombro foi encontrada. CONCLUSÃO: A discinese escapular não está associada à dor e não altera medidas de função no ombro em adolescentes atletas. Modalidade, idade e volume de treinamento pa...

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Shoulder injuries in volleyball

Cools

Reeser

2017

Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science

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Correlation of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Total Rotational Motion to Shoulder Injuries in Professional Baseball Pitchers

Abstract: Compared with pitchers without GIRD, pitchers with GIRD appear to be at a higher risk for injury and shoulder surgery.

Cited by 476 publications

References 26 publications

Reference Values for Glenohumeral Joint Rotational Range of Motion in Elite Tennis Players

Reference Values for Glenohumeral Joint Rotational Range of Motion in Elite Tennis Players

Scapular dyskinesis was not associated with pain and function in male adolescent athletes

Shoulder injuries in volleyball

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