Correlation of Clinical, Radiographic, and Surgical Localization of Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in Small‐Breed Dogs: A Prospective Study of 50 Cases

Schulz, Kurt S.; Walker, Michael; Moon, Martha L.; Waldron, Don R.; Slater, Margaret R.; McDonald, Don

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.1998.tb00105.x

Cited by 52 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Thus our data is in agreement with past reports. The degree of neurological deficit in the TL-IVDH group included in this study almost agrees with that of a previous study, with the exception of Grade V, in that Grade V, IV, III, II and I made up 0%, 42%, 32 %, 24% and 3% of the group, respectively [24]. Other reports from the U.S.A., however, are in agreement with our data concerning Grade V, suggesting the existence of a deficit in deep pain sensation, which is defined as Grade V in our grading and which accounted for 8.1 to 10.1% [2,16,23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The grade of myelopathy in the C-IVDH group was divided into the following three categories based on neurological status according to a previous study [11] with minor modifications: grade 1, normal ambulation with neck pain; grade 2, ambulatory tetraparetic with neck pain; grade 3, nonambulatory tetraparetic. The grade of myelopathy in the TL-IVDH group was divided into the following five categories according to a previous study [24]: Grade I, spinal hyperesthesis only; Grade II, mild ataxia with motor function adequate for weight support; Grade III, severe ataxia with motor function inadequate for weight support; Grade IV, paralysis of the hind limb with intact deep pain sensation; Grade V, paralysis of the hind limb with no deep pain sensation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

Itoh

Hara

Yoshimi

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) in Japan in a large population using a retrospective study. The sample population was dogs (n=297) with IVDH in Japan. Medical records were reviewed for breed, sex, age, affected interspace and neurological severity. The dogs were comprised of 132 cases of cervical IVDH (C-IVDH) and 165 cases of thoracolumbar IVDH (TL-IVDH). In Japan, the Dachshund, Beagle and Shih Tzu tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH. The Shiba Inu, a characteristic Japanese dog breed, suffered from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH, although there was little data relating to the whole breed. Male dogs tended to suffer from C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at a rate almost twice that of females in Japan. Among the three predominant dog breeds, the Dachshund, Beagle and Shih Tzu, the Dachshund tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at an earlier age than the Beagle, and the Beagle tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH earlier than the Shih Tzu. Among the three predominant breeds, the Shih Tzu, in particular, tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at multiple sites. Our data from Japan were in partial agreement with previous data from the U.S.A., and epidemiological characteristics of IVDH peculiar to Japan were also identified. KEY WORDS: age at admission, canine, chondrodystrophoid dog, epidemiological study, intervertebral disc disease.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70 (7): [701][702][703][704][705][706] 2008 Cervical and thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in dogs seen in small animal practice [1]. Herniation of the disc causes various grades of myelopathy, including pain, paresis and sometimes permanent paralysis. The epidemiology of IVDH in dogs has been widely studied in the U.S.A., with studies investigating a variety of epidemiological factors including breed, sex, age, location of affected interspace, the time between onset of clinical signs to having a medical examination and the severity of the clinical signs. In particular, many reports have suggested that chondrodystrophoid dog breeds tend to suffer from IVDH, with a mean age at admission that differs significantly from other breeds [6,12,13,18,22]. Epidemiological data provide clinical veterinarians with an advantage prior to diagnosis or medical treatment of IVDH. However, in Japan, the epidemiological characteristics of IVDH in dogs have not been studied sufficiently [20]. Differences in the epidemiological characteristics of IVDH in dogs between the U.S.A. and Japan might exist because the characteristics of the disease may depend in part on the canine population or the living environment of the country. To establish whether this is the case, it is necessary to examine original Japanese epidemiological data for IVDH in dogs. Therefore, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics of IVDH in Japan in a large population using a retrospective study, and in particular, evaluated the association between specific br...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

Itoh

Hara

Yoshimi

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…However, the clinical lateralization of the herniated disc material was found to be the least reliable factor in this study for determining on which side the hemilaminectomy should be performed (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The accuracy of the patellar reflex for localization of the site of a single level thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs

Abdelhakiem¹,

Asai²,

Kamishina³

et al. 2015

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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The patellar reflex was used in this study to determine the site of thoracolumbar spinal cord dysfunction (T3-L3 or L4-L6) as a result of disc herniation. The results of neurological examinations were compared with the findings of CT myelography. This study was conducted on 21 dogs, selected from a total of 26 dogs confirmed to have a single thoracolumbar lesion. Results revealed that the accuracy of the patellar reflex for lesion localization was 71.4%. The accuracy of the patellar reflex (normal or hyperreflexic) for lesion localization in the T3-L3 segment in 15 dogs was 100%, while the accuracy of the depressed patellar reflex for lesion localization in the L4-L6 segment in 6 dogs was 0%. The accuracy of the patellar reflex for detection of laterality of a thoracolumbar lesion was low (33.33%). The results suggest that the patellar reflex was not reliable for neurolocalization of thoracolumbar spinal cord lesions in dogs. This could be related to the fact that the depressed reflex did not always refer to a lesion in the L4-L6 spinal cord segment. Moreover, the patellar reflex was not reliable in detecting the laterality of thoracolumbar lesions.

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“…The accuracy of CT and myelography has been found to be similar when compared to surgical findings in chondrodystrophic dogs with intervertebral disc disease [1][2][3] . However, the use of surgical findings as a reference standard has been questioned due to a high degree of bias and limited ability to circumferentially inspect the spinal canal when performing a hemilaminectomy 6 . A prospective comparison of CT, nonselective angiographic CT, myelographic CT, and myelography in dogs with various myelopathies found that CT myelography had the highest accuracy when compared to surgical findings 5 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of Computed Tomography and Myelography to a Reference Standard of Computed Tomographic Myelography for Evaluation of Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Disease

Newcomb¹,

Arble²,

Rochat³

et al. 2011

Veterinary Surgery

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Objective To compare the sensitivity of computed tomography (CT) and myelography to a reference standard of CT myelography for determining localization of Type I intervertebral disc extrusions in dogs. Study Design Prospective blinded comparative study. Animals Dogs with acute onset myelopathy because of suspected disc extrusions (n = 30). Methods Dogs had CT, myelography, and CT myelography to diagnose disc extrusions. Sensitivity of CT and myelography was compared to CT myelography for lateral, longitudinal, and combined localization. Confidence in the assessment of each imaging study was scored by 3 reviewers. Results Sensitivity of CT for lateral, longitudinal, and combined localization was 94%, 91%, and 81%, respectively, and was 64%, 74%, and 53%, respectively for myelography. Sensitivity of all 3 categories of localization was significantly different between modalities (P < .0001, P = .0031, P < .0001). Significant differences in the sensitivity of lateral and combined localization were found between confidence scores for myelography (P < .0001, P < .0001). Significant differences in the sensitivity of lateral, longitudinal, and combined localization were found between confidence scores for CT (P = .011, P = .013, P = .027). Poor sensitivity was obtained for both modalities except when imaging studies were assigned the highest confidence score. Conclusions CT is a more sensitive imaging technique than myelography for localizing disc extrusions when compared to a reference standard of CT myelography. Both modalities yielded high sensitivity with the highest confidence score and poor sensitivity for all other confidence scores.

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Correlation of Clinical, Radiographic, and Surgical Localization of Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in Small‐Breed Dogs: A Prospective Study of 50 Cases

Abstract: Intervertebral disc extrusion in small-breed dogs frequently results in bilateral distribution of extruded material. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary to delineate completely the distribution of extruded disc material in IDE.

Cited by 52 publications

References 4 publications

A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

The accuracy of the patellar reflex for localization of the site of a single level thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs

Comparison of Computed Tomography and Myelography to a Reference Standard of Computed Tomographic Myelography for Evaluation of Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Disease

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