Correlation of Blood Biochemical Markers with Tardive Dyskinesia in Schizophrenic Patients

Abstract

Objective. Oxidative stress factors and proinflammatory cytokines had been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD). This study assumes that blood biochemical markers would have a link with TD in schizophrenia patients. To explore the correlation between blood biochemical markers and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia (SCH). Methods. From January 2010 to August 2021, the inpatients who met the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia in the Chinese Classification and Diagnosis Criteria of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) and the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) were followed up in the psychiatric outpatient department of Jinxia Street Community Health Service Center, Longhu District, Shantou City. The diagnostic criteria of Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) used in the TD study of Schooler and Kane were used to screen the patients. Patients were divided into the schizophrenia (SCH group) and the schizophrenia with TD groups (TD group). Oxidative stress factors including Superoxide Dismutase1 (SOD1), Glutathione Peroxidase1 (GPX1), Malondialdehyde1 (MDA1), Catalase Activity1 (CAT1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1 (BDNF1) and some inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), prolactin, estrogen, and cortisol were measured in 121 schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia and 118 schizophrenic patients. The correlation analysis was conducted on the data. Results. Age and female were immutable risk factors for the development of TD, and there were significant differences in blood biochemical indices GPX1, MDA1, CAT1, and TNF-α in schizophrenic patients with and without TD. Conclusion. This study supports that oxidative stress and immune disorders are associated with TD patients. Blood biochemical markers GPX1, MDA1, CAT1, and TNF-α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia combined with TD patients, and they may be useful in the diagnosis of schizophrenia with tardive dyskinesia.

Tardive dyskinesia in Asia— current clinical practice and the role of neurologists in the care pathway

“…Analysis of the literature for Asian countries found a large number of studies reporting that older age is a risk factor for the development of TD ( 24 , 35 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 48 – 50 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 63 – 65 , 87 , 89 , 108 ), in line with what has been seen in the global literature.…”

“…Studies from Asian countries reflect these findings, reporting an association between comorbid diabetes ( 87 ) or cognitive deficit ( 63 ) and TD. In the case of diabetes, it should be noted that it is also an adverse effect of sustained APD treatment, so can commonly occur as a co-morbid disorder.…”

“…A predominance of TD in women was also found in two reports from Asia: a cross-sectional study of schizophrenic patients in the Philippines ( 55 ) and a retrospective study of elderly psychiatric patients at a single center in Singapore ( 39 ). In contrast, several studies found the opposite, reporting a higher prevalence of TD in male patients ( 50 , 63 , 64 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 108 ). In addition, sex differences in the clinical response to APDs and the side effects experienced have been reported in a study of schizophrenic patients in Pakistan ( 109 ).…”

“…Factors that are reported to occur more commonly in patients with TD in Asia include a long duration of psychiatric illness ( 24 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 63 – 65 , 87 , 89 ) as well as baseline parkinsonism, a greater severity of extrapyramidal symptoms, or a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder ( 24 , 50 , 90 ). In addition, some studies have reported fewer years of education in their TD patient cohorts compared to those without TD ( 64 , 87 ).…”

Putative role of immune reactions in the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia

“…Results from human studies are contradictory. Both marginally significant increases ( Boiko et al, 2017 ; with tardive dyskinesia (TD) = 71/without tardive dyskinesia (NTD) = 109; conference abstract), significant decreases ( An et al, 2015 ; TD = 48/NTD = 45) and the existence of no difference ( Wu et al, 2022 ; TD = 121/NTD = 118) have been reported.…”