Correlation of Beta2-Glycoprotein I With Tumor Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients

Abstract

Background/Aim: Beta2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is a plasma glycoprotein, which has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions. However, the connection between β2-GPI and breast cancer is mostly unknown. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that severely impairs women's health worldwide. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of β2-GPI in tumor cells of breast cancer patients and its correlation with tumor prognosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 125 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer were enrolled in the study. The expression of β2-GPI in resected breast tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlated with clinicopathological variables by the Chisquared test. The prognostic value of β2-GPI for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was determined by Kaplan-Meier estimates and the significance of differences was evaluated by the log-rank test. Results: β2-GPI staining was predominantly observed in tumor cells of breast cancer patients and significantly correlated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. High β2-GPI expression was significantly correlated with better OS and DFS. Moreover, DFS was found to be significantly better in patients with higher β2-GPI expression, especially those in the early tumor stage groups. Conclusion: High β2-GPI expression levels in tumor cells of breast cancer patients were independent factors predicting a better OS and DFS. β2-GPI activation in high-risk patients may be a potential strategy for reducing breast cancer progression.Beta2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is a glycoprotein, which consists of five complement control protein (CCP) modules (1). The first four CCP domains are composed of approximately 60 amino acids and the fifth CCP domain contains 82 amino acids with a positively charged region (2, 3). β2-GPI displays multiple effects in antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune disorders, lipoprotein metabolism, vascular thrombosis, coagulation cascade, and oxidative stress (4-11). However, the role of β2-GPI in carcinogenesis remains unclear.Our preliminary results demonstrated that β2-GPI suppresses endothelial cell migration, proliferation, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis via VEGFR2/ERK/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway (12-14). Alterations in cell migration and proliferation are associated with diverse pathologies such as carcinogenesis (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Furthermore, we have reported that β2-GPI plays an important role in inhibiting melanoma tumor growth and spread (20). However, the potential relationship between β2-GPI and tumorigenesis is not fully understood.

Exploring Canine Mammary Cancer through Liquid Biopsy: Proteomic Profiling of Small Extracellular Vesicles

“…Furthermore, dysregulation of APOs may indicate the occurrence and progression of cancer, thus serving as potential biomarkers for cancer patients [46]. Besides Chung and colleagues [41], Lee and colleagues (2023) [47] also investigated the role of β2-GPI in tumor cells from mammary cancer patients and its correlation with tumor prognosis. β2-GPI expression was predominantly observed in the cells from breast cancer patients and significantly correlated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer.…”